PHILO MIDTERMS

Thales of Miletus

Considered as the first Philosopher. He contended that the cosmos (universe) was made up of water, and firmly believed that it was the principle from which all things came to be

Heraclitus

- He believed that fire was the first principle.

-A man’s soul is FIRE.

-When an individual exercises their reason, their soul becomes pure fire.

- He affirmed that everything was in a constant flux and becoming was the only thing that remained constant. “We cannot step on the same river twice.

Socrates

- was one of the greatest philosophers who wrote nothing.

- He focused more on the cultivation of the soul.

- Perhaps, it is but fitting to recognize him as the first major philosopher of ethics

Plato

was Socrates’ best student and perhaps the most popular and highly influential philosopher of all

Plato

political philosophy was encapsulated in his political treatise known as THE REPUBLIC, where he believed that an ideal society must be composed of workers and warriors ruled by a philosopher-kin

Eudaimonia

– means fullfilment or great happiness

Aristotle

- He was Plato’s student. He was known as the “Father of Logic” as he was the first to formalize a system of reasoning. He also teached Alexander the great

Metaphysics

– comes from the Greek word: metaphysika (meaning: beyond physics)

- the branch of philosophy that deals with the true nature of reality

- It focuses on the study of existenc

Metaphysics

- considered as the science of ultimate reality as it seeks to present what is absolutely real in contrast to what is perceived by the naked eyes

Epistemology

- comes from the Greek words episteme (meaning: knowledge) and logos (meaning: to study)

- It investigates the acquisition of knowledge

- It deals with the process by which people are led to know that something is true.

- This philosophy deals with the study of the nature and scope of knowledge and justified belief

Ethics

– comes from the Greek word: Ethos(meaning: custom or habit)

- Is also called Moral Philosophy

- It is a discipline which aims to synthesize the concepts or right and wrong behavior.

Aesthetics

– it deals with the nature and appreciation of art, beauty, and good taste.

-It can be objective/subjective because: there were things beautiful and pleasing to everyone’s eyes, on the other hand, it was anchored upon the individual’s taste

-It can be universal/negative or positive because: aesthetics encompasses all the responses people may solicit from all forms of art, be it negative or positive.

-It can be emotional/intellectual because: One’s judgement on what is beautiful transcends beyond sensory level, and includes both emotional and intellectual aspects.

Value Theory

is a catch-all label used to encompass all branches of moral philosophy, social and political philosophy, aesthetics, and sometimes feminist philosophy and the philosophy of religion — whatever areas of philosophy are deemed to encompass some “evaluative” aspect.

Metaphysical Unease

When you cannot make sense of something then the whole process starts to become distressing.

Gabriel Marcel

Metaphysical Unease

Arrogant Dogmatism

is defined as avoidance from accepting others' beliefs, ideas and behaviors; has been defined as the unfounded positiveness in matters of opinion; arrogant assertion of opinions as truths

Bertrand Russel

Arrogant Dogmatism

Bertrand Russel

"The trouble with the world is that the stupid are cocksure and the intelligent are full of doubt."

Socrates

admits that he knows nothing

Social Domain

It is what is agreed and accepted by the scoiety over time.

Personal Domain

truth is analogous with sincerity; consistency

Objective Domain

refers to objective truth or the cognitive-instrumental domain, which is concerned with facts and empirical knowledge about the external world.

Personal Domain

consistency

Social Domain

acceptance of norms

Objective Domain

Empirical Evidence

Jurgen Habernas

Domains of Truth

Richard Rorty

Justification of Truth

Fallacy

are arguments that deceive and prove nothing. These arguments somehow could sound convincing and be very persuasive in order to shape other’s opinion and deliver flawed judgment and reason.

Argumentum ad Hominem

Attacking the individual person instead of the argument

Argumentum ad Baculum

Telling the hearer that something bad will happen to him/her if he/she does not accept the argument. appeal to force

Argumentum ad Misericordiam

Urging the hearer to accept the argument based upon an appeal to emotions, sympathy, etc., appeal to pity

Argumentum ad Populum

Urging the hearer to accept a position because the majority of the people hold to it, appeal to popular opinion, bandwagon

Argumentum ad Antiquitatem

Trying to get someone to accept something because it has been done or believed for a long time, appeal to tradition

Petitio Principii

Assuming the thing that you are trying to prove is true, circular question, begginmg the question

Fallacy of Composition

Assuming that what is true of the part is true to the whole,

Hasty Generalization

informal fallacy of faulty generalization, which involves reaching an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence—essentially making a rushed conclusion without considering all of the variables or enough evidence.