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Attractive forces
Forces necessary for molecules to cohere
Repulsive forces
Forces necessary to prevent the molecules from interpenetrating and annihilating each other
Intramolecular force
Forces within molecules
Ionic bond
Transfer of electrons
Metal + Non-metal
Example: NaCl
Bond energy: > 100 Kcal/mol
Covalent bond
Sharing of electrons
Non-metal + Non-metal
Bond energy: 50-100 Kcal/mol
Classified as polar and non-polar
Intermolecular force
Forces between molecules
Van der Waals Forces
Relate to non-ionic interactions between molecules, yet they involve charge-charge interactions
Dipole-Dipole
Dipole-Induced Dipole
Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole
Van der Waals Forces
Dipole-Dipole
In polar molecules which have permanent dipoles, the Van der Waals forces are mainly due to electrostatic interaction between the dipole
2 polar/2 permanent dipoles
Dipole-Induced Dipole
A molecule which is already has polarity, may sometimes polarize a nonpolar molecule, which comes in its close vicinity and in this way induced polarity is developed in that molecule
1 polar, 1 non-polar
Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole
A non-polar molecule may become momentarily self polarized. This polarized molecule may induce a dipole moment in a neighboring molecule with antiparallel orientation
2 non-polar
Willem Hendrik Keesom
Discovered Dipole-Dipole
Keesom Forces
Other name of Dipole-Dipole
1-7 kcal/mol
Bond energy of Dipole-Dipole
Orientation/Alignment
Effect of Dipole-Dipole
HCl
Acetone
Phenol
Alcohol
Example of Dipole-Dipole
Peter Debye
Discovered Dipole-Induced Dipole
Debye Forces
Other name of Dipole-Induced Dipole
1-3 kcal/mol
Bond energy of Dipole-Induced Dipole
Induction (of Polarity)
Effect of Dipole-Induced Dipole
Ethyl acetate
Methylene Cl
Ether
Example of Dipole-Induced Dipole
Fritz London
Discovered Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole
Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole
Weakest Van der Waals Force
Responsible in liquefaction of non-polar gases
London Forces
Other name of Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole
0.5-1 kcal/mol
Bond energy of Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole
Dispersion
Effect of Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Hexane
Example of Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole
Ion-Dipole
It occurs between ionic and polar molecules because ions have strong charge so a partial charge end of the dipole will be attracted to the ion
Ion-Induced Dipole
It occurs between ionic molecules and non-polar molecules
Involved in the formation of the iodide complex
Hydrogen bridge
Hydrogen bond is also known as?
Hydrogen bond
The interaction between a molecule containing a Hydrogen atom and a strongly electronegative element (F, O, N)
Accounts for many of the unusual properties of water including:
High dielectric constant
High boiling point
Abnormally low vapor pressure
2-8 kcal/mol
Bond energy of Hydrogen bond