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Industrial Revolution
a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s
textiles
cloth
Richard Arkwright
English inventor, he patented the water-powered spinning frame, improving the production of cotton thread
Samuel Slater
English industrialist who brought a design for a textile mill to America, he is considered the founder of the American cotton industry
technology
the tools used to produce goods or to do work
Eli Whitney
American inventor whose cotton gin changed cotton harvesting procedures and enabled large increases in cotton production; he introduced the technology of mass production through the development of interchangeable parts in gun-making
interchangeable parts
a process developed by Eli Whitney in the 1790s that called for making each part of a machine exactly the same
mass production
the efficient production of large numbers of identical goods
Rhode Island system
a system developed by Samuel Slater in the mid-1800s in which whole families were hired as textile workers and factory work was divided into simple tasks
Francis Cabot Lowell
American industrialist who developed the Lowell system, a mill system that included looms that could both weave thread and spin cloth. He hired young women to live and work in his mill
Lowell system
the use of waterpowered textile mills that employed young, unmarried women in the 1800s
trade unions
workers’ organizations that try to improve working conditions
strikes union
the refusal of workers to perform their jobs until employers meet their demands
Sarah G. Bagley
American millworker and labor leader who founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in 1844
Transportation Revolution
the rapid growth in the speed and convenience of transportation
Robert Fulton
American engineer and inventor, he built the first commercially successful full-sized steamboat, the Clermont, which led to the development of commercial steamboat ferry services for goods and people
Clermont
the first full-sized U.S. commercial steamboat; developed by Robert Fulton and tested in 1807
Gibbons v. Ogden
A Supreme Court ruling that reinforced the government's federal authority over the states
Peter Cooper
American ironworks manufacturer who designed and built Tom Thumb, the first American locomotive
Samuel F. B. Morse
American artist and inventor, he applied scientists’ discoveries of electricity and magnetism to develop the telegraph, which soon sent messages all across the country
telegraph
a machine perfected by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1832 that uses pulses of electric current to send messages across long distances through wires
Morse code
a system developed by Alfred Lewis Vail for the telegraph that used a certain combination of dots and dashes to represent each letter of the alphabet
John Deere
American industrialist, he developed a steel plow to ease difficulty of turning thick soil on the Great Plains
Cyrus McCormick
American inventor and industrialist, he invented the mechanical reaper and harvesting machine that quickly cut down wheat
Isaac Singer
American inventor, he patented an improved sewing machine, and by 1860 was the largest manufacturer of sewing machines in the country
cotton gin
a machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to remove seeds from short-staple cotton; revolutionized the cotton industry
planters
a large-scale farmer who held more than 20 slaves
cotton belt
a region stretching from South Carolina to east Texas where most U.S. cotton was produced during the mid-1800s
factors
a crop broker who managed the trade between southern planters and their customers
Tredegar Iron Works
a large iron factory that operated in Richmond, Virginia, in the early to mid-1800s
yeomen
owners of small farms
overseers
men hired by farmers and planters to direct the work of slaves on plantations
spirituals
emotional Christian songs sung by enslaved people in the South that mixed African and European elements and usually expressed slaves’ religious beliefs
oral tradition
passing down stories, poems, and songs by word of mouth
folktales
a story that often provides a moral lesson
Nat Turner
American slave leader, he claimed that divine inspiration had led him to end the slavery system. Called Nat Turner’s Rebellion, the slave revolt was the most violent one in U.S. history; he was tried, convicted, and executed
a new law that reformers were able to accomplish in some states
Ten-hour workday
how railroads affected cities
Cities grew as trains brought more people and new material for the workers to use
how new inventions impacted Americans
People began buying mass produced items instead of making them at home
actions that free African Americans were allowed to participate with
Working as artisans (a trade worker)
jobs performed by slaves on plantations
Clearing land, picking cotton, cooking meals
how slaves resisted the slave system
Running away, damaging equipment, and working slowly
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
a rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves in Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families