Past Paper Questions Plan

marine mammals dive

streamlining, dive response (introduce some problems), peripheral vasoconstriction - immersion pulmonary odema, decompression sickness, pressure, mitochondria, anaerobic metabolism

osmoregulation in freshwater fish

pavement cells, body wall, hyperosmotic, carbonic acid, broken down, anti porter, proton pump, electrochemical gradient, sodium in, potassium in, steady formation of bicarbonate, hydrogen and bicarbonate, chloride from cells to blood, electrochemical gradient, water would follow but can’t

muscle innervation in vertebrates vs arthropods

FG, SO, motor unit, uniterminal, action potential, fast and slow, arthropods, multiterminal, inhibitory, polyneuronal, EPSP, IPSP

osmoregulation in marine teleost fish

hypo-osmotic, aglomelular kidney, outward pumps, reabsorption of water and salts, NaK pump, Cl ions, electrostatic attraction

migration adaptations

challenges, hyperphagia, oxygen uptake maximisation, behaviour changes, navigation, human impacts (if time)

hypoxia adaptations

definition, oxygen requirement, conformers/regulators, counter by increasing oxygen delivery, examples - carp, pacu

Bohr effect

definition, pH, CO2, haemoglobin

homeostatic feedback in control of reproductive physiology

female - hypo, a.p, FSH - oestrogen, LH - progesterone, target cells, -ve feedback of both, male - hypo, a.p, FSH - sertoli - sperm, leydig - testosterone, LH - leydig - testosterone, target cells, -ve feedback of testosterone into hypo, a.p and sertoli

non-shivering thermogenesis

BAT, UCP1, NST, skeletal and WAT, maintenance

muscle contraction

twitch, tonic fibres, myofibrils, sarcomere, cross-bridge, tropomyosin, contraction for cross-bridges, force and speed, SO/FG

migratory water movement

fw to sw - drinking, Cl- cells, pavement cells inactivated, cortisol and growth hormone, sw to fw - increase urine, Cl- inactivated, pavement cells, prolactin, smolt fw to sw - release cortisol before, Na+, increase Cl- cells, salt secretion, around a week