Music Appreciation Exam 6

Ring Shout

Extended call and response; developed from African traditions

Work Song

A song sung to coordinate labor, often with call-and-response.

Blue note

A note sung or played at a slightly lower pitch than standard for expressive purposes. “Bending” the note

Twelve-Bar blues form

A specific harmonic pattern that uses I, IV, V chords over twelve measures.

Chorus

A repeating section in a jazz composition featuring a melody that is typically sung or played after each verse, often characterized by harmonies and collective participation of performers.

Know the characteristic and performance practices of the West African Music

Characterized by complex rhythms, call-and-response patterns, and the use of traditional instruments such as the djembe and kora. Performance often involves dance, communal participation, and is integral to cultural ceremonies.

African musical philosophy

“Music comes out of life, and life comes out of music.”

How was West African Music transmitted?

Through oral tradition

What West African dum is known as the king’s drum?

Djembe

What was the Second Great Awakening? How did it affect music?

A Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States that emphasized individual piety and emotion. It significantly influenced music by inspiring the creation of camp meeting songs and gospel hymns that encouraged communal worship and emotional expression.

Know the characteristics of the African American spiritual

Mix of European hymns and West African traditions; call-and-response; coded meanings. W

Who attended camp meetings?

African Americans and European Americans

Know the coded meanings of Moses and the Jordan River in African American spirituals

Moses = Harriet Tubman

Jordan River = Ohio River

What is acculturation and how does the process pertain to American music?

Acculturation is the process of an emerging tradition from the contact of two other traditions; this shaped American music through the merging of African and European influences.

Scott Joplin’s nickname

King of Ragtime

Know the characteristics of ragtime

Syncopated rhythm, steady left-hand accompaniment, sectional form, classical influences.

What is the principal characteristic of ragtime?

Syncopation

Know which American popular music styles (3) have their roots in African American music

Jazz, blues, rock

What is the name of the famous former plantation in the Mississippi Delta that was the home to several early blues men?

Dockery Farms

Know the characteristics of Delta, classic, and urban blues

• Delta: solo singer with guitar

• Classic: female singers with band

• Urban: electrified instruments, full band

How many lines in a blues verse?

Three 4-line phrases

The word “blues” can refer to two different things, what are they?

A form and a genre

In the Jazz documentary, blues is described as the “underground aquifer” for American

music

Where is the birthplace of jazz? Why?

New Orleans; it was the most cosmopolitan and musical city in America.

What two styles of music come together to form jazz?

Ragtime and blues

Know the characteristics of New Orleans Jazz

Collective improvisation, syncopation, multiple instruments, polyphony

What types of music were present in New Orleans in the early 19th century?

Work songs, spirituals, brass bands, symphonies, orchestras

How did the court decision Plessy v. Ferguson change music in New Orleans?

Creoles were integrated into the Black community and merged classical virtuosity with blues traditions.

How was jazz first disseminated to white and black audiences?

Jazz was first disseminated through live performances, radio broadcasts, and recordings that reached diverse audiences in clubs, dance halls, and homes. (phonograph)

What was the name given to the relocation of blacks from the South into northern cities?

The Great Migration

In 1920, which New York Community was home to the majority of African Americans living in the city?

Harlem

According to the musician in the clip, what did the black musicians learn from the whites, and the whites from the blacks during their breakfast dances? Check all that apply (2)

• Black musicians learned academics from the whites

• Whites learned creativity from blacks

Why was Louis Armstrong’s move to New York so influential? Check all that apply (4)

• He transformed the orchestra

• Brought rhythm

• Influenced all musicians

• Introduced swing

Influences generations of musicians

Jazz is a soloist’s art

Invented swing … modern time

Scat Singing (NPR Interview)

What is Louis Armstrong known for?

Introducing swing — getting the right note at the right time

Was Armstrong important to the development of early jazz styles? Why?

Yes, Armstrong was crucial in early jazz, as he pioneered innovative trumpet techniques, vocal styles, and improvisation, greatly influencing the genre's direction and its appeal.

For what is Duke Ellington known for?

First black band leader broadcast nationally over CBS radio

What are the three sections of a Big Band

Woodwinds, Brass, and Rhythm Sections.

Who is Billie Holiday?

Influential jazz and blues singer known for her distinct voice and emotive delivery. She was a key figure in the jazz movement and is remembered for her poignant songs such as "Strange Fruit."

What is bebop? Know characteristics

Bebop is a complex jazz style that emerged in the 1940s, characterized by fast tempos, intricate melodies, and advanced harmonies. It often features improvisation and focuses on individual expression rather than danceable rhythms.

What musicians developed bebop?

Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk

What is cool jazz?

A softer, smoother, more relaxed style of jazz.

What merges in George Gershwin’s works?

Classical music and jazz/popular styles

When was the Rhapsody in Blue premiere? what was the concert called?

1924; concert was called “An Experiment in Modern Music”

Swing Low, Sweet Chariot

Anonymous; African American Spiritual; arranged by Harry Burley in the textbook

Maple Leaf Rag

Scott Joplin; Ragtime

Run Old Jeremiah

Anonymous; Ring Shout

Early in the Morning

Anonymous; Work Song

Billy’s Blues

Billy Holiday; Blues

Hotter than That

Louis Armstrong; New Orleans / Dixieland Jazz

Stompin’ at the Savoy

Chick Webb; Swing

Koko

Charlie Parker; Bebop

Rhapsody in Blue

George Gershwin; Symphonic Jazz