Chapter 5 BB

concept cells do this

encode concepts of similar ideas (needle, thread and sewing

concept cells format he basic of our

semantic memory

agnosia is defined as

problems with recognizing visual stimuli, caused by damage to the temporal lobe

FFA, a region of the temporal lobe, is critical for ____, and damage causes_____

recognizing faces, damage in this area leads to “face blindness”

what does parahippocampal area recognize

if for recognizing places and locations

semantic system is made up of 3 areas

temporal lobe

PFC

posterior parietal cortex

semantic system responds to ______ more than anything

words

fMRI is used to

measure brain activity. words are left hemisphere, narratives both hemis

executiv efunction is a

blend of 3 core skills, inhibition, working memory and shifting

working memory depends on these two areas

PFC and parietal lobe- maintains info without external cues (writing it down)

mentalizing is

making sense of your own thought proccesses and of others

Broca’s area is vital for

speech production

in broca’s aphasia, list symptoms

-speech production is impaired but comprehension is mostly intact.

-speech output is slow and halting, requires great effort, and often lacks complex word or sentence structure

-But while their speaking is impaired, non-fluent aphasics still comprehend spoken language, although their understanding

damage to left frontal lobe causes

non fluent aphasia, like Broca’s aphasia

The _____ in the fusiform gyrus recognizes written letters and words — a finding that is remarkably consistent across speakers of different languages.

VWFA, visual word form area

where is VWFA located?

fusiform gyrus

left posterior temporal lobe role in speech

help communication between the systems for speech recognition and speech production.

• is involved in speech development and is likely to support verbal short-term memory

Rare mutations in FOXP2 result in _____

difficulty making mouth and jaw movements needed for speech- also associated with spoken and written language difficulty

disrupton of FOXP2 can severely affect signaling in the…..

dorsal striatum

what is dorsal striatum and where is it

part of basal ganglia, involved in speech

mutations info FOXP2 interrupt the flow of information through the ____ and result in____

dorsal striatum, speech deficets

. Specialized neurons in the dorsal striatum express high levels of the product of _____

FOXP2

the _____ supervises everything else the brain does, taking in sensory and emotional information and using this information to plan and execute decisions and actions

PFC

portions of the ______ temporal lobe participate in accessing the meaning of words.

middle and inferior

____ might participate in sentence level comprehension

anterior temporal lobe

“pure word deafness,” caused by what and symptoms

caused by damage to the superior temporal lobes in both hemispheres.

Patients with this disorder are unable to comprehend heard speech on any level. But they are not deaf. They can hear speech, music, and other sounds, and can detect the tone, emotion, and even the gender of a speaker. But they cannot link the sound of words to their meaning. (They can, however, make perfect sense of written language, because visual information bypasses the damaged auditory comprehension area of the temporal lobe.)

Both types of decision-making involve the brain’s _____

PFC

In particular, activity in the _______is especially important in overriding emotional responses in decision-making.

lateral PFC

mentalizing includes these two skills

empathy and “theory of mind,” which is understanding the mental states of others and the reasons for their actions.

give defintions and example for shfiting

mental flexibility, which allows you to adjust your ongoing behavior when conditions require it.

For example, in the card sorting task, people must figure out (from the examiner’s simple “yes/ no” responses) that they must switch from sorting by one rule, such as suit, and begin sorting by another, such as number.

left temporal lobe damage causes

Wernicke’s aphasia

fluent aphasia symptoms

might understand short individual words, and their speech can sound normal in tone and speed, but it is often riddled with errors in sound and word selection and tends to be unintelligible

explain why DBO was unable to indentify which object was a sink after having strokes

D.B.O.’s strokes had damaged his brain in ways that prevented visual input from being conveyed to anterior temporal regions where semantic processing occurs.This blocked his access to the names of objects that he could see, but not his ability to name objects he could touch.

Regions that encode words include the ____, _____, and ______ Together, these areas form the semantic system, a constellation that responds more strongly to words than to other sounds, and even more strongly to natural speech than to artificially garbled speech.

posterior parietal cortex, parts of the temporal lobe, and regions in the prefrontal cortex

wernicke’s is form of ___ aphasia

fluent

mirror neurons

are specialized neurons that fire when an individual performs an action or observes someone else performing the same action, playing a crucial role in understanding others' intentions and actions.

the _____ appears to focus on others and not on the self.

temporoparietal junction (TPJ),

The _____ is also activated when we watch others engage in actions that seem at odds with their intentions or in actions intended to be deceptive.

TPJ temporoparietal junction

The ___ is the main region implicated in executive functioning;

PFC