HAN 312 chapter 15 - musculoskeletal system

musculoskeletal system

• bones

• mm

• joints

bones

• structural support n protect internal organs

• either axial or appendicular skeleton

• dense, hard CT of skeleton

axial skeleton

• skull

• spine

• chest

appendicular skeleton

• upper n lower limbs

• shoulder

• pelvis

bone inside n outside

• inside

  • spongy cancellous/trabeculae bone

  • have blood vessels

• outside

  • hard compact bone

how many bones in adult body

• 206

joints

• where bones come tg (articulate)

• use mm for movement

tendons

• bind mm to bone

ligament

• bind bone to bone

musculoskeletal system functions

• give shape n structure to body

• provide support for body

• allow movement

• protect internal organs (use ribcage or any body framework)

• store calcium + other minerals in bone

• produce specific blood cells in bone marrow

• produce heat in mm (use ATP)

what regulates calcium

• parathyroid hormone (PTH)

  • secrete hormone to release calcium from bone

parathyroid hormone

• 4 glands in body

• absorb calcium

• excrete phosphate

• in back of thyroid gland

ossification

• replacement of cartilage with bone

  • bone formation

osteoblast

• make immature bony tissue that replaces cartilage

osteocyte

• stem cells

• nourish n maintain bones

osteoclast

• reabsorb or digest bone

  • remodel bone

bone equilibrium

• osteoblast n osteoclast balance

fractured bone fix

• bone gets realigned

• osteoblast make new bone 4-6 weeks

proper bone formation depend on

• calcium

• phosphorus

• vit d

• calcium phosphate enzyme make hard bone

calcium

• mineral of bone

• need for nerve transmittal to mm

  • includes heart mm

skeleton reservoir for

• calcium storage

calcium level

• maintained in blood by parathyroid gland

bone shapes

• long

• short

• flat

• sesamoid

diaphysis

• shaft of long bone

epiphysis

• wider ends of long bone

epiphyseal line / plate

• growth plate

• where cartilage is replaced by bone for length wise bone growth

metaphysis

• flared section of long bone

• between diaphysis n epiphysis

periosteum

• surrounding membrane for bone

articular cartilage

• cushions joints

compact (cortical) bone

• harder, denser bone

• have haversian canal

haversian canal have

• vessels

• nerves

• yellow marrow

cancellous spongy trabecular bone

• mesh like bone tissue (red marrow)

medullary cavity

• central, hallowed-out area in shaft of long bone

endosteum

• membrane within medullary cavity

cranium

• skull

• composed of 8 bones

  • 2 parietal

  • 2 temporal

  • 1 sphenoid (butterfly shape)

  • 1 frontal

  • 1 occipital

  • 1 ethmoid

fill in

1. frontal

2. parietal

3. temporal

4. occipital

5. sphenoid

6. ethmoid

facial bones / fill in

• 2 maxillary

• 2 zygomatic

• 2 nasal

• 1 vomer

• 1 mandible

• 2 lacrimal

bones of the spinal column

• 24 vertebrae

  • separated by intervertebral discs (cartilage pads)

• 7 cervical (neck)

• 12 thoracic (chest)

• 5 lumbar (lower back)

• sacrum (pelvis)

  • 5 fused

• coccyx / tailbone (lower spine)

  • 4 fused

cervical vertebrae

• have 8 spinal nerves

  • passes above from c1-7 then onward it passes below

sternum

• flat sword shaped anterior bone of chest

• attached to clavicles

• breast bone

clavicles

• collar bone

scapula

• shoulder blades

ribs

• flat curved bones attached to thoracic portion of spinal column (12 pairs)

costal refers to

• ribs

true ribs

• ribs 1-7

• attached to sternum by costal cartilage

false ribs

• ribs 8-10

• not directly attached to sternum

floating ribs

• ribs 11-12

• not attached at all

humerus

• upper arm bone

radius

• outer of 2 bones of lower arm

ulna

• inner of 2 bones of lower arm

carpal bones

• 8 bones of the wrist

metacarpal bones

• 5 bones of palm of hand

phalanges

• bones of fingers n toes

• 14 in each hand or foot

femur

• bone of upper leg

patella

• kneecap

tibia

• large inner bone of lower leg

fibula

• smaller, outer bone of lower leg

tarsal bone

• 7 bones of ankle

metatarsal bone

• 5 bones of foot

calcaneous

• bone of heel

hip bone

• made of 3 fused bones on each side

  • ischium (sitting bone) - posterior lower section of pelvic bone

  • ilium - upper section of pelvic bone

  • pubis - anterior lower section of pelvic bone; pubic bone

oste/o

• bone

calc/o , calci/o

• calcium

myel/o

• bone marrow

orth/o

• straight

crani/o

• cranium

mandibul/o

• mandible

maxill/o

• maxilla

spondylo, vertebr/o

• vertebra

rachi/o

• spine

cervic/o

• neck

lumb/o

• lower back

lamin/o

• lamina

disk/o, disc/o

• disk or disc

lord/o

• curve

kyph/o

• posterior curve

scoli/o

• crooked/twisted

thorac/o

• thorax, chest

clavicula/o , clavic/o

• clavicle

scapula/o

• scapula

cost/o

• ribs (combining form)

stern/o

• sternum

humer/o

• humerus

radi/o

• radius

uln/o

• ulna

carp/o

• carpals

metacarp/o

• metacarpals

phalang/o

• phalanges

femor/o

• femur

patell/o

• patella

fibul/o , perone/o

• fibula

tibi/o

• tibia

tars/o

• tarsals

metatars/o

• metatarsals

pelv/i

• pelvis

ili/o

• ilium

ischi/o

• ischium

pub/o

• pubis

-blast

• embryonic cell

-clasia , -clasis , -clast

• to break