Psychology Final Exam (chptg 13 & 14)

Jung was interested in the universal experiences of humans

true

unlike the ID, the Ego and the SuperEgo are partially conscious and partially unconscious

true

individuals that score high on conscientiousness tend to have a larger frontal lobe area that helps in planning and controlling behavior

true

self-acceptance was not emphasized by Rogers

false

According to Freud, excessive eating would not be considered a sign of potential oral fixation

false

the Freudian Ego protects itself by Consciously reducing anxiety or by distorting reality

false

Maslow was interested in the unconscious experience of humans

false

trait experts are hesitant to agree that we can really measure stable personality traits

false

Freud never admitted that he had an unconscious love for his mother and jealousy for his father

false

psychologists that specialize in the trait approach tend to work hard to assess unconscious dimensions

False

mokers are more likely to have panic disorder than non-smokers.

true

After a traumatic event, women and men are equally likely to develop PTSD.

false

In non-Western cultures, major depressive disorder is more common and associated with self-blame over personal failure.

false

Some schizophrenics may experience a kind of motionless state that can last for hours

true

There is no association between creativity and bipolar disorder.

false

Violence is common in DID.

false

Age of first onset of major depression is unrelated to an enduring recovery.

false

Nine-month old infants attend to sounds associated with thunder more than sounds associated with breaking glass

true

Antisocial Personality disorder tends to manifest itself earlier in life than bipolar disorder

true

People with mental and emotional disorders are more likely to be victims than perpetrators of violence

true

According to Freud’s view of personality structure, the “executive” system, the ________ __, seeks to gratify the impulses of the__ ______ in more acceptable ways.

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ego; id

Freud proposed that the development of the “voice of our moral compass” is related to the __________ , which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments

superego

According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, including the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead to

fixation at that stage

Freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in an effort to reduce our ________.

anxiety

Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called _____________

repression

In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud’s views but placed more emphasis than he did on

social interactions

Modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists agree with Freud about

the existence of unconscious mental processes

Which of the following is NOT part of the contemporary view of the unconscious?

Repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychological needs, such as self-actualization. Maslow based his ideas on

his study of healthy, creative people

The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called

unconditional positive regard

________ theories of personality focus on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion.

trait

The most widely used personality inventory is the

MMPI

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors?

anxiety

Our scores on personality tests best predict

our average behavior on a specific occasion

The social-cognitive perspective proposes that our personality is shaped by a process called reciprocal determinism, as internal factors, environmental factors, and behaviors interact. An example of an environmental factor is

the presence of books in a home

Critics say that _____ __-________ personality theories are very sensitive to an individual’s interactions with particular situations, but that they give too little attention to the person’s enduring traits

social-cognitive

The tendency to overestimate others’ attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders is called the _______________

spotlight effect

Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted?

the answer isn’t clear because the link is correlational and does not indicate cause and effect

Individualist cultures tend to value _______ __;__ __________ collectivist cultures tend to value .

independence, interdependence

personality

an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Sigmund Freud

psychoanalytic theory

Psychoanalytic Theory

proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality

theory of the unconscious

everything we do isn’t based on rational thinking; unconscious

erogenous zones

pleasure zones

fixations

to get stuck

defense mechanism

tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality

displacement

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward more acceptable or less threatening object or person

oedipus complex

hates father, attracted to mother (like the story)

Repression

unconsciously motivated forgetting

regression

unconsciously reverting to a previous state of development

Freud's psychosexual stages

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Oral stage

0-18 months; pleasure centers on the mouth – sucking, biting, chewing

Anal stage

18-36 months; pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination, coping with demands for control

Phallic stage

3-6 years; pleasure zone is in the genitals, coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Latency stage

6 years - puberty; a phase of dormant sexual feelings

Genital stage

puberty-death; maturation of sexual interests

Ego

Seeks to gratify the ID's impulses and realistic ways to bring long-term pleasure; reality principle

superego

Moral compass that forces the ego to consider not only the real but also the ideal. Focuses on how we ought to behave

ID

constantly strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress. operates on the pleasure principle

neo freudians

Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Carl Jung

manifest content

content of the dream

latent content

dreamers unconscious wishes

in which way did neo-freudians disagree with freud?

conscious mind has a role in interpreting experience, sex and aggression wereall-consuming motivations

Adler and Horney believed childhood was _______ not sexual

social

Carl Jung

believed in the collective unconscious; unconscious contains more than repressed thoughts and feelings

collective unconscious

a common reservoir of images or archetypes

Rorschach ink blot test

drip ink on a paper, fold it, and then say what they saw in the resulting inkblot

Thematic Apperception Test

a __**projective test**__ in which people view ambiguous pictures and then make up stories about them. ; provides a valid and reliable map of people’s implicit motives

Humanistic Theory

Abraham Maslow and Carl Jung; emphasized the ways people strive for self-determination and self-realization. ; *third-force perspective*

abraham maslow

hierarchy of needs ;self actualization & self transcendence

Carl Rogers

person-centered perspective: held that people are basically good and are, as Maslow said, endowed with self-actualizing tendencies.

acceptance, genuineness, empathy

the big 5

openness to experience

conscientiousness

extraversion

agreeableness

neuroticism

Psychological disorder

is a syndrome (a collection of symptoms) marked by a “clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior”

psychological disorders can be

dysfuctional or maladaptive

biopsychosocial approach

biological+psychological+ social-cultural

Biophychosocial approach

emphasizes that mind and body are inseparable; negative emotions can trigger physical problems and vice versa

epigenetics

how our DNA and our environment interact. A gene may be *expressed* in one environment, but not in another.

People with psychological disorders are more likely to harm themselves than are people without such disorders

true

Are those with disorders dangerous?

People with disorders are more likely to be *victims* than perpetrators of violence

***Do rates of psychological disorder vary by place?***

yes

which country has the lowest percentage of mental disorders? which has the highest?

Nigeria; US

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

generalized anxiety disorder

excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for six months or more : 2/3 are women; *autonomic nervous system* arousal may leak out through furrowed brows, twitching eyelids, trembling, perspiration, or fidgeting.

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

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agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of public situations

specific phobia

persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of some object, activity, or situation; ex: sharks

obsessive-compulsive disorder

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts, actions, or both

obsessions

thoughts that are unwanted and seemingly unending

compulsive behaviors

responses to obsessive thoughts

OCD is more common among older people than young adults and teens

false

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience

somatic symptom disorder

a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

Major depressive disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, 2 or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure

ways to diagnose major depressive disorder

* Depressed mood most of the time


* Dramatically reduced interest or enjoyment in most activities most of the time


* Significant challenges regulating appetite and weight


* Significant challenges regulating sleep


* Physical agitation or lethargy


* Feeling listless or with much less energy


* Feeling worthless, or feeling unwarranted guilt


* Problems in thinking, concentrating, or making decisions


* Thinking repetitively of death and suicide

who rates higher for Major Depressive disorder?

Females

Bipolar Disorder

a group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

Bipolar disorders are much less common than major depressive disorder, but they are often more dysfunctional.

true

bipolar disorders afflict as many men as women.

true

heritability

the extent to which individual differences are attributable to genes

*________* which increases arousal and boosts mood is scarce during the depression and overabundant during mania.

Norepinephrine