Quantitative Observational Study design

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5 Terms

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Ecological Studies

  • Focus: Populations as the unit of analysis.

  • Examples: Comparing disease rates in countries or over time.

  • Advantages: Quick, cheap, hypothesis-generating.

  • Limitations:

    • No individual-level data (ecological fallacy).

    • Confounding and bias.

    • Can’t infer causation.

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Case study/case series

  • Case Study: Report on a single patient.

  • Case Series: Report on multiple similar patients.

  • Advantages:

    • Identify rare diseases/events.

    • Useful for early discovery.

  • Limitations:

    • No control group.

    • Selection bias and confounding.

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Cross-sectional studies

  • Also Known As: Prevalence studies.

  • Focus: Snapshot in time at individual level.

  • Example: Beer and obesity study (measured alcohol intake & BMI).

  • Advantages:

    • Cheap, quick.

    • Estimate disease prevalence.

  • Limitations:

    • No causality.

    • Time-specific only

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Case-control studies

  • Retrospective: Start with disease, look back at exposure.

  • Advantages:

    • Good for rare diseases.

    • Cost-effective and fast.

  • Limitations:

    • Recall and selection bias

    • Exposure measured after outcome.

  • Participants are selected based on whether or not they have the outcome (the disease). Their past exposure is then investigated to find possible causes.

<ul><li><p><span><strong>Retrospective</strong>: Start with disease, look back at exposure.</span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>Advantages</strong>:</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Good for rare diseases.</span></p></li><li><p><span>Cost-effective and fast.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span><strong>Limitations</strong>:</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Recall and selection bias</span></p></li><li><p><span>Exposure measured after outcome.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span><strong><mark data-color="red" style="background-color: red; color: inherit">Participants are selected based on whether or not they have the outcome (the disease). Their past exposure is then investigated to find possible causes.</mark></strong></span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Cohort studies

  • Prospective or Retrospective.

  • Prospective: Follow individuals forward in time.

  • Retrospective: Use existing records to look back.

  • Advantages:

    • Establish a temporal relationship.

    • Good for rare exposures.

  • Limitations:

    • Time-consuming, costly.

    • Loss to follow-up and selection bias

Participants are selected on the basis of exposure Participants are then followed up to identify whether or not they have the outcome

<ul><li><p><span><strong>Prospective or Retrospective.</strong></span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>Prospective: </strong>Follow individuals forward in time.</span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>Retrospective: </strong>Use existing records to look back.</span></p></li><li><p><span><strong>Advantages:</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span>Establish a temporal relationship.</span></p></li><li><p><span>Good for rare exposures.</span></p></li></ul></li><li><p><span><strong>Limitations:</strong></span></p><ul><li><p><span>Time-consuming, costly.</span></p></li><li><p><span>Loss to follow-up and selection bias</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><p><span><strong><mark data-color="red" style="background-color: red; color: inherit">Participants are selected on the basis of exposure Participants are then followed up to identify whether or not they have the outcome</mark></strong></span></p>

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