HWS Sem 2 Final

1948 War

Arab troops attacked Israel but then lost land

1967 War/ Six day war

Israel was cut off from the red sea and launched a attack on Egypt

Caliph

successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims - "4 rightly guided Caliphs" rule Islam after Mohammed

Camp David Accords

signed by Egypt and Israel after negotiations

Abbasids

followers of Abbas

Abu Bakr

First caliph of Islam after the death of Muhammad

ahl al-dhimma

people of the book

Ali

the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981)

Arab revolt of 1936-1939

Uprising by Palestinian Arabs against British Colonial rule as a demand for independence and opposition to mass Jewish immigration

Creation of Israel

On May 14, 1948 establishment of Israel

Aswan High Dam

dam built across the Nile in 1960-1970 - one of the largest

Atatürk

president of Turkey: modernized government

Crusaders

Europeans that went to gain control of the Holy Land

Ayatollah Khomeini

iranian politician

Balfour Declaration

issued by Britain: create a homeland for Jews

Bedouins

a nomadic Arab of the desert

Cuneiform

character based writing in Mesopotamia, Persia (ancient)

Desalination

process that cleans saline water (takes out mineral components)

Easter

The day on which Christians celebrate Jesus' resurrection from the dead

Kaaba

"black stone" at the center of Islam's most important mosque

Khadija

Muhammad's official wife

Koran

Islam's holy book

Five Pillars of faith

rules for Muslims to live by (Salat, Shahada, Sawn, Zakat, Hajj)

Gamal Abdel Nasser

second president of Egypt and introduced land reforms

Mandate

official order, idea that there is a higher power

Had crime

most serious crime (murder theft alcohol consumption)

Hadith

Muhammad's teachings as stories or sayings

Hajj

pilgrimage to Mecca and visit the Kaaba

Halal

meat allowed by Islamic law

Haram

forbidden by Islamic law

Hejira

Muhammad's trip from Mecca to Medina

Mawali

non-arab muslims

Men of the pen

judges, prayer leaders, intellectuals (under Suleiman I the Magnificent)

Men of the sword

Military (under Suleiman I the Magnificent)

Men of negotiation

merchants: business men (under Suleiman I the Magnificent)

Men of Husbandry

famers (under Suleiman I the Magnificent)

Menachem Begin

Israeli politician and leader of Zionist militant group

Imam

the prayer leader of a mosque

Intifada

discrimination against Palestinians and violent uprising (6 years)

Intifada II (Intifada 2000)

intensified Israeli - Palestinian violence (5 years)

Mosque

Islam's place of worship

Iran Hostage crisis

52 American diplomats held hostage in Iran

Salat

prayer in 5 pillars of Faith (5 times a day)

Satrap

provincial governor in ancient Persia

Sawn

Fasting period (ramadan) - 5 Pillars of Faith

Seljuks

nomads from Central Asia Republics

Shahada

statement of Faith - 5 Pillars of Faith

Sharia Law

religious law formed by Islamic tradition

Shia

branch of Islam that follows Ali

TeNaKh

other Holy book of Judaism (other one is the Torah)

Oasis

fertile desert with water to support plant and animals life

Ottomans

one of the longest empires: controlled most of the Middle East

Passover

Holiday in Judaism

Suez Canal Crisis

Egypt took control of the canal then won back

Suleiman the Magnificent

leader of the Ottomans ("Lawgiver") that reconstructed gov (men of the ...)

PLO

Palestine Liberation Organization - liberate from Israel

Sunni

branch of Islam that follows Abu Bakr

Tazir crime

less serious crimes (vary in different regions)

Temple/ Synagogue

place of worship for Judaism

Theocracy

system of gov where priests rule

Qesas crime

retaliation crime "eye for an eye"

Theocrat

a person in favor in theocracy or rules through theocracy

Qudi

judge in Islam

Rabbi

teacher of the Torah (Judaism)

Ramadan

month of commitment in Islam (Fasting)

Umayyads

followers of Umar - rival tribe of Muhammad

Pope Urban II

ordered the Crusades to the Holy Land

Safavids

shia muslims that took control in the 1400s-1500s

Saladin

first sultan of Egypt and Syria

Wahhabism

form of Sunni Muslim practiced in Saudi Arabia and Qatar

Yom Kippur War (1973 War)

Egypt and Syria against Israel (during Yom Kippur)

Zakat

charity to the poor - 5 Pillars of Faith

Ziggurat

huge many-tiered temple

Zionism

movement of Jews to re-establish territory

Zoroastrianism

one of the oldest religions - monotheistic

Cabildo

a spanish town or government council (town hall)

3 g's of spanish conquest

God, Glory, Gold

Caudillo

military dictator of Latin America country

Columbian Exchange

exchange plants, animals, tech following Columbus's voyage

Alliance for Progress

created by JFK to establish economic cooperation (1961)

Amazon Rainforest

largest rainforest and largest river (not longest)

Conquistador

spanish conqueror of the Americas

Andes

largest mountain range; home of the Incas

Conservatives

generally favor status-quo and cautious about change

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

mexican president led army against Texas

Contras

member of guerrilla force supported by US against the Sandinista gov

Cortés

conquistador defeated Aztecs and conquered Mexico

Aristocracy

hereditary money (old money)

Coup d'etat

revolt led by military against countries gov (no blood shed)

Creole

descendants of Spanish born but born in Latin America

Atacama Desert

located in N. Chile near Peru border

Atahualpa

Inca ruler killed by Spanish ruler after paying ransom

Augusto Pinochet

general and dictator of Chile (1973-1990)

Bartolome de las Casas

dominican priest fought for indigenous rights

Balboa

Spanish explorer discovered Pacific Ocean

Bay of Pigs

US supported invasion to get Castro out of office in Cuba

Embargo

official ban on trade or commercial activity with specific country

Encomienda System

tax workers in exchange for protection or education

Ladino

a mestizo in Guatemala