psyc 1100 eric lundquist exam 1

wundt

1879, first lab for psych, separated psych and philosophy

structuralism

wundt, tichener ; looking at mind in simplest definable components, then seeing how those parts work together to create the whole system (ex. apple --> red, big, juicy)

watson

1913, behaviorism

neisser

1967, cognitivism (learning, memory, cognitive processes)

rationalism

reason and logic as the primary source of knowledge

Nativism

born with innate ideas (hardwired at birth)

empiricism

tabula rasa

Associationism

a learned connection between two ideas or events

psych as the science of experimental epistemology

rationalism, empiricism

psych as the science of knowing and experiencing

know - behavior to achieve goals

experience - source of motivation

dualism

descartes, mind and body are seperate

materialism

universe is made up of physical matter only

science of things that move around on their phone

thales - matter, democritus - atoms, dalton - atomic theory , einstein - atoms

james gibson

perception and knowledge of environment, control and coordination of action to meet goals which affects environment

reflex

automatic, stereotyped movement produced as the direct result of a stimulus

reflex pathway

stimulus, sensory neuron, spinal cord, brain, reflex

neuron

86 Billion

dendrites

Branchlike, receptor molecule, neurotransmitter must match with receptor molecule to allow for opening of receptor site for Na+ (like a key and lock)

nodes of ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined.

mylein sheath

layer of fatty tissue that covers many axons and helps speed neural impulses, allows for depolarization

axon

carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

terminal endings

end of axon, has vesicles at the end that contains neurotransmitters

resting potential

-70 mV (Cl- inside, Na+ outside)

how to neurons communicate?

neurotransmitters

what happens when a neuron is stimulated?

allows for Na+ flows inside , charge gets more positive until threshold voltage causes a lot of Na+ to flow in,

threshold voltage

-55 mV, causes gate to open and Na+ flows inside, inside of cell becomes pos charged --> action potential

action potential

+40 mV, 1/1000 of a sec, releases neurotransmitters into synapse

what happens after action potential?

pushes K+ out first, then Na+

Depolarization

change of voltage in neigboring area to let action potential signal travel down the axon

helmholtz

1881, found the sped of nerve impulse

synapse

gap between neurons

presynaptic

signal sending neuron

postsynaptic

signal receiving neuron

reuptake

a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

serotonin

SSRI - prevents reuptake of serotonin to treat depression

neurotransmitter steps

synthesis, storage, release, receptor interaction, inactivation, reuptake, degredation

excitatory

lets Na+ inside, more likely to fire bc potential is getting smaller (towards -55mV)

inhibitory

pushes K+ out, slows neuron's firing speed because potential is getting larger (towards -70mV)

charles sherrington

discovered the synapse, dogs kicking reflex

spatial summation

multiple synapses firing at different locations at one time to cause reflex

inhibition

restraint of reflexes

disinhibition

inability to resist unwanted behavior (alcohol intoxication)

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

a slight depolarization of a postsynaptic cell, bringing the potential of that cell closer to the threshold for an action potential

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

potential becomes more negative caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button

reciprocal inhibition

contraction of one muscle and relaxation of another (flexing arm)

temporal summation

effect of impulses recieved at the same place can add up if they are recieved in the same place

central excitatory state

source of stimulation added up

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

everything but brain and spinal cord

somatic division

controls voluntary muscle movements and senses

autonomic division

homeostasis

sympathetic branch

fight or flight

parasympathetic branch

rest and digest, feed and breed (The Bear TM)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

transceted above hindbrain

can move limbs but cant put movements together when trying to do something coordinated

medulla oblongata

thickening from spinal column until forms the base of the brain, homeostasis

pons

ontop of medulla, arousal, coordination of facial muscles

cerebellum

coordinates fine motor movements, sense of balance (texting, instruments)

transection just above midbrain

can walk, but wont go look to achieve goals

how many cells are in the cerebellum?

69 billion (~80%)

plasticity

brain is moldable, malleable and changable in some aspects

cerebellum and language

smooths out language production --> interactions with other people --> social, emotional

superior colliculus

receives visual sensory input

substantia nigra

manufactures dopamine, sent to basil ganglia

midbrain

forms whole body movements into acts (goals into actions)

forebrain (cerebrum)

cerebral hemispheres connected by corpus collosum

Thalamus

relay center for sensory and motor information

hypothalamus

motivation for basic biological function

four f's of motivation

feeding, fleeing, fighting, mating <3

what can lesions help with?

tells us more about a signal from the body

basil ganglia

muscle contractions for voluntary movements

transection above limbic system

acts normal with purpose, but it clumsy

Hippocampus

memory

amygdala

emotion

cortex

neo cortex

corpus callosum

connects hemispheres

phrenology

grooves in skull / brain are associated with personality traits

franz joseph gall

phrenology, cortex is functioning tissue, corpus callosum, distribution of gray and white matter, nerve pathways from spinal cord to contralateral hemispheres

gray matter

cell bodies

white matter

myelinated axons

phineas gage

rod through his frontal cortex, caused change in personality, understanding of the localization of brain function

frontal lobe

planning, social behavior, motor control

parietal lobe

sense of touch

somatosensory cortex

registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

occipital lobe

vision

temporal lobe

auditory processing

central fissure

separates frontal and parietal lobes

Broca's area

speech production

Wernicke's area

language comprehension

which side is brocas / wernikes on?

left hemisphere

left hemisphere

language

right hemisphere

spatial abilites

non primary region (front)

expression, actions, plans

non primary regions (back)

reception, perceptions, interpretations

prefrontal lesions

loss of planning, moral reasoning, sensitivity to social context -- finneas gage

apraxia

inibility / struggle to start task bc of struggle to organize movements, damage of parietal lobe

apraxia

inability to organize movements

agnosia

the inability to recognize familiar objects.

neglect

right hemisphere of the parietal lobe causes inattention to whole left side (literally)

aphasia

deficit in language function, deficiency depends on where the lesion is (brocas / wernikes)