lab exam1

sympathetic nervous system

"fight or flight"

controls many organs all over the body

has sole control over arrector pili muscles, adrenal glands

parasympathetic nervous system

"rest and digest"

controls many organs all over the body

has sole control of lacrimal glands

sympathetic trunk/chain ganglia

Runs along vertebrae, part of the sympathetic nervous system, keeps whole body in sync

White rami communicans

contain myelinated preganglionic fibers traveling to sympathetic trunk ganglia

gray rami communicans

contain unmyelinated postganglionic fibers traveling from ganglia to peripheral structures

general senses

somatic and visceral senses - temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

special senses

sight, hearing, smell, taste, balance

nociceptor

pain receptor (free dendritic ending) - tonic

thermoreceptor

detects heat, changes in temperature, rates of conduction (free dendritic endings)

mechanoreceptors

detect mechanical deformation of cell membranes - pressure, vibration, deep touch

tactile receptors

mechanoreceptors, associated with touch

baroreceptor

a sensory receptor that responds to changes in pressure, monitors blood pressure

proprioceptor

stretch receptor - are joints bent or straight

tactile (merkel) discs

located at the border of dermis/epidermis - detect light touch, free dendritic endings, phasic/fast adapting, concentrated in hands and face

free nerve endings

bare dendrites - pain, temp, tickle, light touch

hair root plexus

track/sense hair movement

Free dendritic endings, phasic/fast-adapting, only absent in palms and soles, exteroreceptor

Tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles

in the dermal papillae, detect fine touch, fast adapting/phasic, concentrated in face, fingers, and genitals, exteroreceptor

lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles

in dermis, detect deep touch

Ruffini's (Bulbous) corpuscles

detect position of joints, heavy/continuous touch, pressure, tonic. Located in deep dermis, all over body.

Muscle spindles

Proprioceptors that detect the rate and degree of muscle stretch

Golgi tendon organ

monitors tension in tendons, found at junction of tendon and muscle, prevents over-stretching/ripping by forcing action of antagonist/forcibly relaxing muscles

End Bulbs of Krause

encapsulated mechanoreceptor, tonic, found all over the body but highly concentrated in upper lip, responsible for mammalian dive reflex

lamellated/pacinian corpuscle

tactile/meissner's corpuscle

Olfactory (Bowman's) gland

produce the mucous that dissolves odorants to help you smell

Olfactory neuron (receptor cell)

bipolar, ciliated neurons, contain binding sites for odor molecules, axons pass through cribriform plate, get replaced every 60 days

supporting cells (olfaction)

protect olfactory neurons

Olfactory nerves

olfactory axons in PNS

olfactory tract

olfactory axons in the CNS

olfactory bulb

the end of the olfactory tract

circumvallate papillae

large papillae at the rear of tongue, associated with taste buds

fungiform papillae

scattered over tongue, concentrated at tips and lateral sides, look like a mushroom

filiform papillae

no taste buds, detect texture

foliate papillae

all over tongue, concentrated on the lateral sides

what are the five primary tastants?

salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami, water

taste pore

opening in taste bud

gustatory receptor cells

sensory cells in the taste bud that transduce the chemical stimuli of gustation

gustatory hairs

increase surface area of taste pore

bitter

concentrated at the rear of tongue, alkaloids, hydroxyls

sour

concentrated on lateral sides of tongues, respond to acids

salty

monovalent metallic cations - lateral sides of tongue

sweet

organic molecules, concentrated at tip

umami

glutamate, savory

olfactory epithelium

a thin layer of tissue, within the nasal cavity, that contains the receptors for smell

Dura mater

outermost layer of meninges - 2 layers, periosteal and meningeal

What is contained between the inner and outer layers of dura?

venous sinuses

what are the venous sinuses? where do they drain?

cerebrospinal fluid, they drain out of the internal jugular

superior sagittal sinus

inferior sagittal sinus

what are dural folds?

folded layers of dura where there is no sinus

falx cerebri

separates the two cerebral hemispheres

tentorium cerebelli

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

falx cerebelli

separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

arachnoid mater

middle layer of meninges, weblike

what is in the subarachnoid space?

cerebrospinal fluid

pia mater

"delicate mother," innermost layer of meninges

what attaches the pia mater to the surface of the brain?

collagen fibers

lateral ventricles

third ventricle

fourth ventricle

interventricular foramen

connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

connects the third and fourth ventricles

choroid plexus

on the floor of all the ventricles, produces CSF

arachnoid villi

reabsorb/drain CSF into venous blood

medulla oblongata

basic life support, heart beating, etc.

decussation of pyramids

where the cleavage furrow becomes almost flat - the reason for contralateral control

pons

control of breathing

midbrain

immediate reflexes

cerebral peduncles

connect lower and upper brain, cerebrum to brainstem

corpora quadrigemina

located in the midbrain; contains reflex centers for vision and auditory reflexes.

superior colliculi

part of corpora quadrigemina, visual reflexes

inferior colliculi

part of corpora quadrigemina, auditory reflexes

diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus

thalamus

relay station for all somatosensory information

intermediate mass

connection between the two thalami across the third ventricle, dumbbell shape

hypothalamus

brain region (many nuclei) in charge of maintaining homeostasis

pituitary gland

produces hormones

mammillary bodies

olfactory relay stations

epithalamus

region above midbrain that contains pineal gland

pineal gland

regulates sleep-wake cycles, secretes melatonin

cerebellum

balance, equilibrium, gross motor movement

vermis (cerebellum)

The tissue between the two cerebellar hemispheres

arbor vitae

"tree of life," white matter of cerebellum

cerebrum

cerebral cortex

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

septum pellucidum

membrane that separates lateral ventricles

basal nuclei

internal masses of gray matter, smooth out motor movement

fornix

band under septum pellucidum

how is the arrangement of white and gray matter of the cerebrum different than in the spinal cord?

in the cerebrum, the gray matter is on the outside, in the spinal cord it's on the inside

central sulcus

between postcentral and precentral gyri

longitudinal fissure

separates cerebral hemispheres

transverse fissure

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

frontal lobe

associated with social cues, personality, planning, movement, emotions, and problem solving - contains primary motor cortex

precentral gyrus

primary motor cortex

parietal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch, contains primary somatosensory cortex

postcentral gyrus

primary somatosensory cortex

occipital lobe

visual center

temporal lobe

language centers, auditory processing, olfactory

I. Olfactory nerve

sensory

origin: olfactory mucosa of nasal cavity

function: smell