EQ UNIT 5 SS 8th Grade

Interchangeable Parts

Invented by Eli Whitney, this innovation allowed for faster production, easier repairs, and the use of assembly lines with less skilled workers.

Steamboat

Invented by Robert Fulton, they could move against the current or strong winds, revolutionizing transportation.

Telegraph

Invented by Samuel Morse, the telegraph sent electric pulses on a wire for communication, greatly enhancing long-distance communication.

Steam Locomotive

Invented by Peter Cooper, this significantly increased the rate of travel and trade.

Steel Plow

Invented by John Deere, it reduced the workload for farmers and allowed more land to be plowed.

Mechanical Reaper

Invented by Cyrus McCormick, this cut ripe grain and separated wheat from husks.

Cotton Gin

An invention that triggered westward expansion, increased cotton exports, displaced Native Americans, and heightened reliance on slavery.

Spirituals

Religious folk songs used by enslaved people for encouragement, often containing coded messages about escape routes.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

A violent uprising led by Nat Turner, where Turner and 70 slaves killed 55 whites, resulting in increased tensions and harsh consequences for enslaved people.

Corrupt Bargain

Andrew Jackson's term for the alleged collusion between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay during the Election of 1824.

Jacksonian Democracy

A period of expanding democracy in the 1820s-30s that emphasized the voting rights of the 'common man'.

Spoils System

The practice of giving government jobs to political supporters, criticized during Andrew Jackson's presidency.

Doctrine of Nullification

A theory promoting states' rights, claiming states could nullify federal laws; advocated by John C. Calhoun.

Indian Removal Act

Legislation that authorized the removal of Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River to designated Indian territory in the west.

Trail of Tears

The forced removal of the Cherokee Nation from their lands, resulting in significant suffering and many deaths during the journey.

2nd Bank of the United States

Andrew Jackson claimed it was unconstitutional and concentrated too much power in the federal government.

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis driven by inflation and reckless banking that led to widespread bankruptcies.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

California Gold Rush

A mass migration to California in 1849 resulting from the discovery of gold, significantly increasing the population.

Push and Pull Factors of Immigration

Push factors are reasons for leaving a country (like famine), while pull factors are reasons for entering a new country (such as economic opportunities).

American Party (Know-Nothing Party)

A political party formed in the mid-1800s that opposed immigration and sought to limit immigrant influence.

Hudson River School

An American art movement known for its romantic portrayal of the natural landscapes of the United States.

Civil Disobedience

The active, professed refusal to obey certain laws as a form of peaceful protest.

Second Great Awakening

A Protestant religious revival that led to numerous social reform movements in 19th-century America.

Temperance Movement

A social movement aimed at reducing or prohibiting the use of alcoholic beverages.

Labor Reform Movement

An effort to improve working conditions, increase wages, and reduce working hours for laborers.

Abolition Movement

The movement aimed at ending slavery in the United States.

Underground Railroad

A network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved people to escape to freedom.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention in the United States, where the Declaration of Sentiments was presented.

Susan B. Anthony

A leading figure in the women's rights movement who played a pivotal role in organizing for women's suffrage.