unit 5: mental and physical health

eustress

positive and motivating stress

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain event, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

distress

negative and deliberating stress

adverse childhood experience (ACEs)

abuse or trauma, can influence long-term stress response and negatively impact health and well-being

3 types of stressors

1. catastrophe (large-scale disasters)

2. significant life changes (life transitions— birth, death, graduation, divorce, new jobs)

3. daily life hassles (traffic, family matter, social media, to-do lists)

general adaption syndrome (GAS) and its phases

1. alarm reaction (mobilize resource)

2. resistance (cope with stressors)  → fight, flight, or freeze

3. exhaustion (reserves depleted)

fight

physically or verbally defending yourself against a threat

flight

running away from danger or putting distance between yourself and it

freeze

remaining still, tense, and silent in response to a threat

tend-and-befriend response

to give and receive support

problem-focused coping

addressing an problem, believing it can change; (ex) if we got into a fight w parents, we may work it out and talk to them to solve problems

emotional-focused coping

when we believe we can’t change despite best efforts; we may mediate, talk to friends or family, psychiatric help, or binge on unhealthy comfort food

positive psychology

study of positive emotions, positive character traits, and enabling institutions

wisdom

creativity, curiosity, judgment, love of learning, and perspective

courage

bravery, honesty, perseverance, and zest

humanity

kindness, love, and social intelligence

justice

fairness, leadership, and teamwork

temperance

forgiveness, humility, prudence, and self-regulation

transcendance

appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humor, and spirituality

gratitude

to be thankful

what does positive psychology help boost in?"

resiliance

approach-approach

conflict between two attractive but incompatible goals

avoidance-avoidance

conflict between two undesirable choices

approach-avoidance

conflict arising from a choice that is both desirable and undesirable

taijin kyofusho

in japanese culture, a fear that others are judging their bodies as undesirable, offensive, or unpleasing

dysfunctional behaviors

behaviors that interfere with normal day-to-day life

diasthesis-stress model

the concept that genetic predispositions combine with environmental stressors to influence psychological disorder

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (DSM)

a guide for classifying, diagnosing, and treating mental disorders

psychodynamic perspective

explains psychological disorders as unresolved childhood conflicts and unconscious thoughts

humanistic perspective

explains psychological disorders as arising from lack of social support and the inability to fulfill one's potential

behavioral perspective

explains psychological disorders as maladaptive learned associations

cognitive perspective

explains psychological disorders as maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions

biological perspective

explains psychological disorders as genetic or physiological predispositions

evolutionary perspective

explains psychological disorders as maladaptive forms of behaviors that enabled human survival

sociocultural perspective

explains psychological disorders as problematic social or cultural contexts

anxiety disorders

marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or by dysfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviors

social anxiety disorder

extremely anxious in social settings where others might judge them

generalized anxiety disorder

in which a person, for no obvious reason, worries about many things they cannot control and is continually tense and uneasy; must be consistent for 6 months

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening situations; often followed by worry over a possible heart attack

specific phobias

intensely and excessively afraid of something; are consumed by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of some object, activity, or situation

generalized anxiety disorder

marked by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for six months or more

agoraphobia

a specific phobia involving fear or avoidance of public situations from which escape might be difficult

arachnophobia

fear of spiders

obsessive-compulsive

obsessive thoughts are unwanted and seemingly unending. compulsive behaviors are responses to those thoughts

hoarding disorder

cluttering their space with acquired possessions they can’t part with

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

trauma-and stressor-related disorders; symptoms— recurring vivid, distressing memories and nightmares (flashbacks). PTSD also often entails laser-focused attention on possible threats (hypervigilance), and insomnia; lingers for 4 weeks or more after traumatic events

post traumatic growth

the positive psychological transformation that can occur after a person endures a major life crisis or trauma

bipolar disorders

have periods of extremely excited mood and increased energy that can last several days or more

mania

overly ambitious state, a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common

bipolar I disorder

the most severe form of bipolar, in which people experience a euphoric, talkative, highly energetic, and overly ambitious state that lasts a week or longer

bipolar II disorder

a less severe form of bipolar in which people move between depression and milder hypomania

schizophrenia spectrum disorder

a group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized or unusual motor behavior, and negative symptom

hallucinations

occurs when someone sees, hears, feels, tastes, or smells things that exist only in their minds

delusions

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany disorders

disassociative disorder

a group of disorders characterized by a disruption of or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior

fugue

a sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities

personality disorder

a group of disorders characterized by enduring inner experiences or behavior patterns that differ from someone's cultural norms and expectations, are pervasive and inflexible, begin in adolescence or early childhood, are stable over time, and cause distress or impairment

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person's binge eating is following by inappropriate weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

psychotherapy

a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to help someone overcome difficulties and achieve personal growth

biomedical therapy

offers medication or other biological treatments

psychotropic drug therapy

medication that is for psychological disorder

deinsititutionalize

leaving the mental hospital

electic

using a blend of therapies

what does psychodynamic therapy use to uncover the unconscious mind? (2)

1. free association

2. dream interpretation

free association

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

dream interpretation

the process of assigning meaning to dreams

humanistic therapy

attempt to reduce the inner conflicts that interfere with natural development and growth

humanistic therapist

try to help clients discover new insights; doesn’t focus on the past but the growth, present, and the conscious mind (not unconscious thoughts)

person-centered therapy

fostering growth by exhibiting acceptance, genuineness, and empathy; a humanistic technique

active listening

therapist echoes, restates, and seeks clarification of what the client express (verbally or nonverbally)

unconditional positive regard

non-judgemental, accepting, grace-filled environment

exposure therapy

behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing them to the things they fear and avoid

systemic desensitivization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

aversion therapy

associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

token economies

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats

cognitive therapies

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

cognitive-behavorial therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines changing self-defeating thinking with changing behavior

antipsychotic medication

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorders, try to stop all the excess dopamine but leaves the normal amount

antianxiety medication

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation, depresses central nervous system activity

antidepressant medication

drugs used to treat depressive disorders; increasing the availability neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine or serotonin, which elevate arousal and mood

lithium

a simple salt used to treat symptoms of bipolar disorder; effectively levels the emotional highs and lows of bipolar disorder

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized person

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue to change behavior

lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients

hypnosis

can reduce both pain and anxiety if you believe you can; a social in a therapeutic context, the therapist uses suggestion to reduce unpleasant physical sensations or emotions

counterconditioning

to counteract a fear can be via exposure tehrapy

how do you treat specific phobia? (1)

systematic desenstization

fear hierarchy

a kind of ladder of speaking situations that trigger increasing levels of fear

maladaptive thinking

we may interpret a suggestion as a criticism, disagreement as dislike, praise as flattery

cognitive triad

negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future

cognitive restructuring

changing your perspective on the world around you such as events and people

rational-emotional behavioral therapy (rebt)

change people thinking like "hey snap out of it"

dialectical behavior therapy (dbt)

therapists create an accepting and encouraging environment, helping clients feel they have an ally who will offer them constructive and change (close to CBT)

evidence-based practice

there is evidence that therapy works

meta-analysis

a statistical procedure that combines the conclusions of a large number of different studies