Anatomy, Cells & Tissues

Epithelial tissue (cells)

Squamous cells

Columnar cells

Cuboid cells

(what type of tissue?)

epithelial tissue (def)

lines the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and also form many glands.

Functions: protection, secretion, absorption

simple squamous cells

one cell thick, very thin, permeable

found in protected regions where absorption takes place, such as: alveoli (lungs-air sacs), wall of capillary, lining of kidney

Stratified squamous cells

in layers, flat, scale-like, surface cells are shed and replaced

keratinized-packed with keratin, makes cells tough and water resistant

found in epidermis (surface layer of skin), mucous membranes (line body openings-mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, vagina, anus)

(deeper cells are cuboid or columnar)

Simple Columnar cells

single layer of column shaped cells.

Nucleaus is near base

some have cilia

lines the GI tract, resp. tubes, ovarian tubes

function: provide protection, secrete and absorb products

simple cuboidal cells

square (cube) shape

make up the lining of the urinary tubules and some glands, kidney tubules, thyroid gland

function: secret and absorb products

Muscular Tissue cells (types)

smooth muscle cells

skeletal muscle cells

cardiac muscle cells

(what type of tissue?)

Smooth muscle cells

elongated cells, tapered at both ends (spindle shaped)

No striations

more responsive to chemical stimuli than nerve

myogenic-can initiate own contraction

slowest response

ofund in: GI tract, resp tract, urinary tract, capillary sphincters (regulate blood pressure) and also the myometrium of the uterus

function: provide involuntary contraction

Skeletal muscle cells

cylindrical, elongated cells, multinucleated and striated (caused by filaments actin and myocin)

called muscle "fiber"

neurogenic-normally stimulated by nerve impulse

fastest response of musle types

make up skeletal muscles such as biceps brachii

function: provide voluntary contraction

Cardiac muscle cells

striated, branched fibers

intercalated discs

myogenic-can initiate own contraction

found only in the heart

function: provide rhythmic contractions

Neural Tissue cell types

Neuron cells

Glial cells

Neuron cells

soma-body

axon-larger branch-transmits impulse from soma

myelin sheath-surrounds some axons-protective coating made of cholesterol

dendrites-carry impulse to soma

synapse-gap between neurons

found in all nerve tissue, such as brain and spinal cord

function: conduct an impulse

Glial cells (nurse cells)

supportive cells to neural cells

many appear as small cells located near neurons

several types:

oliglodendrocyts-produce myelin

microaglia-phagocytic-found in nervous tissue

astrocytes (most numerous)-growth & repair of neurons

some cells surround the axon of a neuron

some cells attach parallel nerves together

some cells are located between different nerves

function: provide protection for the neuron and or nervous system

Connective Tissue cells

mucous

Adipose

Areloar

Blood

Bone

Cartilage

Dense

Reticular

(what type of tissue)

Adipose cells

round cells, give the appearance of being empty, nucleus is pushed off to one side

found surrounding body organs

provide insulation (fat)

Areolar cells

small, have numerous fibers (elastic & collagenous) coursing between cells

found between the skin and muscle

function: attach skin to muscle

Blood cells

has watery matrix - plasma

cells form concentric rings around central canal.

found in circulatory system

function: transports cells, dissolved nutrients, dissolved waste material, come CO2, chemicals (hormones, enzymes, etc.)

Blood cells (types)

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

platelets

erythrocytes

red blood cells

biconcave discs, no nucleus when mature

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

C cells

cells sit in a lacuna.

found within joints

function: reduce friction that might occur within a joint

Dense regular cells

mostly collagenous fibers are parallel and packed tightly together

contains fibrocytes

found making up our tendons, ligaments and aponeurosis

Reticular cells

small cells that have fibers passing between them. Fibers are short and thick

found making up the main portions of the liver, spleen, appendix, tonsils and lymph nodes

function: involved in making up the "framework" of the liver, spleen, appendix, tonsils and lymph nodes

Bone cells

cells found in our skeleton

provide support

Osteocytes

individual bone cells that form concentric rings around the central canal (major component of an Osteon)

Central canal

consists of blood vessels, which supply nutrients to osteocytes (major component of an osteon)

Canaliculi

Transports nutrients from the blood vessels to the stationary osteocytes (major component of an osteon)

Lacuna

the depression in the bone in which osteocytes sit

(major component of an osteon)

Lamella

the matrix of the bone through which the canaliculi pass

Dense cells (types)

tendons

ligaments

aponeurosis

Epithelial tissue

-Tissue covers surfaces (outside [skin] and inside [organs])

-Cellularity-cells bound closely together, little to no space between

-Attached to basal lamina

-Arranged in sheets or layers

-Avascularity-does not contain blood vessels-must obtain nutrients by diffusion or absorption

-Regeneration-damaged/lost cells are replaced through division of stem cells

function: protection, secretion, absorption

Connective tissue

tissue with greatest variety of cells

function:

protection & support (cart. & bone)

transport (fluids/chemicals)

store energy (fat)

cellular & chemical defense

Types of fibers

Collagenous fibers (white fibers)

Reticular fibers

Elastic fibers (yellow fibers)

pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells

single layer of irregular shaped cells (different heights)

nuclei are at different levels

found in lower pharynx, trachea, primary bronchi

goblet cells

unicellular mucous glands, randomly distributed among some columnar cells, can appear as an empty space

found in digestive tract (keep from digesting self)

Elastic Cartilage cells

cell has chondrocytes in lacuna but also has fibers in matrix

found in pinna, epigottis, thyroid cart (located above gland)

Hyaline cartilage

cell has homogeneous matrix (same throughout, glassy)

chondrocyte in lacuna

found in articulating surfaces of bones (joint surface)

nasal cart.

costal cart (attach ribs to sternum)

trachea & bronchi (hold trac/bronch open)

entire embryonic skeleton

Fibrocartilage

cell has collagenous fibers (tougher/stronger)

found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphisis (joint btwn left & rt pubices)

Simple epithelium

single layer of cells

thin and fragile

found only in protected areas of body:

ventral body cavities

blood vessels

lining of intestines

gas exchange surfaces of lungs

stratified epithelium

2 or more layers

thick and sturdy

found in areas subject to mechanical or chemical stress:

surface of skin

lining of mouth

Connective Tissue Cells (functions)

establish structural framework for body

transportation

protection

support/surround/interconnect other tissue types

store lipids

defend against microorganisms

Loose Connective Tissue types

Areolar

Adipose

Reticular

Dense Connective Tissue Types

Dense Regular

Dense Irregular

Fluid Connective Tissue Types

Blood

lymph

Supporting Connective Tissue Types

Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrous

Bone

Muscle Tissue Types

skeletal

cardiac

smooth

transitional cells

combination of stratified squamous, cuboidal, and columnar cells (modified cuboidal cells)

lines urinary bladder

have ability to stretch

dense irregular cells

shorter fibers, not parallel

found: dermis, periostenum (membrane surrounding bone), perichondrium (membrane surrounding cartilage)

axon

largest branch of the neural cell.

transmits impulse from the body of the cell (soma)

sometimes covered in a myelin sheath made of cholesterol (insulation)

Nodes of Ranvier-bumps on myelin sheath

dendrite

branch of the neural cell, each cell has several

carries impulse to soma

synapse

gap between neurons

chemical (seratonin) released by end brush of axon is received by receptor on dendrite

nodes of ranvier

bumps on myelin sheath covering axon

myelin sheath

insulation covering the axon

made of cholesterol (HDL)

creates white matter

contains nodes of Ranvier

oligodendrocytes

type of glial cell that produces myelin

microglia

type of glial cell that is phagocytic

found in nervous tissue

astrocytes

most numerous type of glial cell

concerned with growth & repair (regeneration) of neurons

cranial & spinal cavity lining

dura mater

arachnoid

pia mater

dura mater

outermost lining of cranial & spinal cavities

durable, tough, superficial

arachnoid

lines subdural space of cranial & spinal cavities

web-like membrane

pia mater

lines subarachnal space of cranial & spinal cavities

deepest layer, delicate, thin

located right next to brain or spinal cord

simple squamous (location)

alveoli (lung air sacs)

wall of capillary

inner lining of cornea

stratified squamous (location)

epidermis

mucous membranes (mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina)

cuboidal (location)

glands

ducts (pancreatic, bile, renal tubules)

smallest bronchi (bronchioles)

transitional epithellium (location)

bladder

simple columnar (location)

stomach

small intestines

colon (lg intestine)

ciliated columnar (location)

uterus

uterine tubes

secondary bronchi

pseudostratified ciliated columnar (location)

lower pharynx

trachea

primary bronchi

areolar (location)

between skin and muscle

adipose (location)

hypodermis

greater omentum (membrane in abdomen)

fatty appendages on colon

dense regular (location)

ligaments

tendons

aponeuroses

dense irregular (location)

dermis

peristenum (membrane surrounding bone)

perichondrium (membrane surrounding cartilage)

reticluar (location)

liver

spleen

kidney

lymph nodes

hyaline cartilage (location)

joint surface

nasal cartilage

costal cartilage

trachea & bronchi (hold open)

entire embryonic skeleton

elastic cartilage (location)

pinna

epiglottis

fibrocartilage (location)

intervertebral discs (btwn vertebrae)

pubic symphysis (joint btwn left/right pubices)

blood (location)

circulatory system

smooth muscle (location)

GI tract

respiratory tract

urinary tract

capillary sphincters