Anatomy Lecture Exam #3 Notes/Study Guide

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the heart, blood vessels, circulation, and the lymphatic system from the anatomy lecture notes.

Where is the heart located?

In the mediastinum, about ⅔ to the left of midline.

What is the mediastinum?

A central component in the thoracic cavity, enclosed by ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, and diaphragm.

What surrounds the heart?

The pericardium, a double-layered sac.

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium.

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

It provides protection as the tough outer sac of the heart.

What is the function of the serous pericardium?

It allows the heart to beat without friction due to its slippery inner layer.

What is the outermost layer of the heart?

The epicardium.

What is the structure of the myocardium?

A thick muscular layer made of cardiac muscle tissue that contracts to pump blood.

What is the innermost lining of the heart?

The endocardium.

What separates the atria from the ventricles?

The coronary sulcus or atrioventricular groove.

What are the four primary valves of the heart?

Tricuspid valve, bicuspid (mitral) valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, aortic semilunar valve.

What is pulmonary circulation?

Circulation through the lungs.

What is systemic circulation?

Circulation through the whole body except the lungs.

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

The Sinoatrial node (SA Node).

What does the P wave represent on an ECG?

Atrial depolarization leading to atrial contraction.

What is systole?

The contraction of the heart.

What is diastole?

The relaxation of the heart.

What is tachycardia?

A resting heart rate above 100 beats per minute.

What is hypertension?

High blood pressure.

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Drains excess interstitial fluid, transports dietary lipids, and plays a role in immune defense.

What are the two types of primary lymphoid tissue?

Red bone marrow and thymus gland.

What is the largest lymphoid organ?

The spleen.

What is the difference between naturally acquired active immunity and artificially acquired passive immunity?

Naturally acquired active immunity develops after exposure to a pathogen, while artificially acquired passive immunity involves receiving pre-made antibodies.

What are the two types of antibodies mentioned?

IgG and IgA.

What is dyspnea?

Difficulty or painful breathing.