Intro to Biology Exam 2

Where does the energy come from to drive photosynthesis? (5)

The Sun

Photosynthesis is an example of an \_________________ chemical reaction; because\_________. (5)

endergonic; light energy is used to build chemical bonds

The evolution of photosynthesis resulted in (5)

an increase in the amount of O2 in the atmosphere

A plant appears green because (5)

chlorophyll a absorbs red and blue light.

Only high-energy light can penetrate the ocean and reach photosynthetic organisms in coral reefs. What color light would you predict these organisms use? (5)

blue

Which part of the chloroplast is associated with the production of glucose? (5)

stroma

The ATP that is produced as a result of the light reactions is used by the cell to (5)

build a glucose molecule

Can carbon fixation occur at night? (5)

Yes, if there is a source of ATP and NADPH.

What happens to the enzyme rubisco during photorespiration? (5)

The enzyme's active site can't distinguish between O2 and CO2.

A plant that only opens its stomata at night to allow diffusion of CO 2 is a (5)

CAM plant

Mushrooms and other fungi live on dead and decaying matter. As a result they are considered \____________. (5)

saprophytic heterotrophs

The light reactions occur in the \_____________ with \__________ as an input (5)

thylakoid membrane; water

Based on Figure 5.6, which colors are reflected by carotenoids? (5)

orange

What is the role of the antennal pigments? (5)

Capture light energy.

A herbicide is sprayed on weeds. It blocks one of proteins in the electron transport chain of photosynthesis. As a result \____________. (5)

ATP production decreases

Energy rich \___________ is formed in photosystem I and II while \___________ is formed in the Calvin cycle. (5)

NADPH; glucose

Which of the following lists the stages of the Calvin cycle in order starting with stage where carbon dioxide is added? (5)

carbon fixation -\> PGAL synthesis -\> regeneration of RuBP

The function of photorespiration is \_________________. (5)

unknown

Which of the following is a difference between C 3 and C 4 plants? (5)

In C 4 plants, carbon dioxide is combined with a 3-C compound and transported to mesophyll cells; in C 3 plants, carbon dioxide enters the carbon fixation phase of the Calvin cycle immediately.

Which of the following processes are considered water-saving strategies? (5)

Both B and C

(From Investigating Life). Which of the following is true about tobacco plants? (5)

They have photosynthetic cells that use malate.

From Chapter 2, radioactive 14C is a(n) \________ of 12C and these atoms differ in there number of \_____________. (5)

isotope; neutrons

Which of the following best describes anaerobic respiration? (6)

The production of ATP energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen

Which stage in cellular respiration directly requires the presence of oxygen? (6)

Electron Transport

What is the role of ATP synthase? (6)

It uses a hydrogen ion gradient to make ATP

How many ATP are made as a result of glycolysis? (6)

Four ATP are made, but the net gain is two

Which of the following molecules has the greatest amount of potential energy? (6)

Glucose

Which of the following molecules can be used to generate ATP energy? (6)

All of the Above

The difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration is (6)

the presence of FADH 2 instead of NADH.

Why is it important to regenerate NAD + during fermentation? (6)

It helps maintain the reactions of glycolysis

Why is glycolysis considered to be the oldest metabolic reaction? (6)

Because it is common to all cells

What is endosymbiosis? (6)

A possible explanation for the origin of mitochondria

For aerobic respiration, \____________ is an input and \___________ is an output. (6)

glucose; carbon dioxide

During glycolysis, two forms of energy are produced. These are \________. (6)

ATP and NADH

Which of the following does not occur during Krebs cycle? (6)

Chemiosmotic phosphorylation

What is the main function of the carriers FADH 2 and NADH? (6)

They donate electrons to the electron transport chain.

For each glucose molecule, in terms of overall production, \____ ATP molecules are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation while \_____ ATP are produced by chemiosmotic phosphorylation. (6)

4:28

John is on a high protein diet. For dinner he has a piece of chicken and a side of tofu. This protein is broken down into \__________ and enters the aerobic respiration pathway via \_______. (6)

amino acids; Krebs cycle

Methane gas is a byproduct of what process? (6)

Anaerobic respiration

Where do the processes diagrammed in Figure 6.12 occur in the cell? (6)

cytoplasm

How did photosynthesis alter life on Earth? (6)

Both A and C.

From Investigating Life "Plants alternative lifestyles yield hot sex": Which of the following is NOT TRUE about alternative oxidase pathways in plants? (6)

They generate energy at a higher rate.

The main function of the carriers FADH2 and NADH is to donate electrons to the electron transport chain. (5/6)

true

In Photosynthesis, light energy is used to build chemical bonds. (5/6)

true

What is the main cellular structure involved in respiration? (5/6)

Mitochondria

What molecule is essential for aerobic respiration to take place? (5/6)

oxygen

A plant appears green because chlorophyll a absorbs red and blue light and reflect back green light. (5/6)

true

In aerobic respiration glucose is broken into water and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen, and the out come of this chemical reaction is ATP energy. (5/6)

true

Plants are \__________. (5/6)

autotrophs or producers

Fermentation is an example of anaerobic respiration. (5/6)

true

Generating ATP energy in the absence of oxygen is called\_____________. (5/6)

anaerobic respiration

In what part of the cell does glycolysis take place? (5/6)

cytoplasm

How many molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis (the net gain of ATP molecules)? (5/6

2

A plant that only opens its stomata at night to allow diffusion of CO 2 is a\_______. (5/6)

CAM plant

Which of the following respiration processes generates the most ATP? (5/6)

Electron Transport System

Which of the following processes are considered water-saving strategies? (5/6)

both B and C

During which metabolic stage is glucose broken down to pyruvate? (5/6)

Glycolysis

A molecule of DNA is composed of all of the following EXCEPT (7)

a sulfur-containing group.

If one strand of DNA has the sequence ATTGTCC, then the sequence of the complementary strand would be (7)

TAACAGG.

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the terms? (7)

Genome \> chromosome \> gene \> DNA nucleotide

The job of a ligase enzyme is to (7)

form covalent bonds between DNA nucleotides.

What would happen to DNA replication if the helicase enzyme did not function? (7)

Replication would not occur at all.

Are mutations bad? (7)

It depends on how the mutation affects the protein's function.

Why is PCR useful? (7)

Because it can create large amounts of DNA from small amounts

Why did the DNA from the heat-killed S-type cells transform the R-type cells? (7)

Because DNA determines what proteins are made in a cell

What is a DNA microarray used for? (7)

Determining the sequence of a segment of DNA

In 1920, a woman claiming to be a surviving member of the royal family of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia appeared in Europe. What modern method of DNA profiling would you use to determine if this person was a member of the Romanov family? (7)

Analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences

What was the main outcome of Griffith's experiments? (7)

Harmless bacteria can acquire the ability to cause disease.

If a strand of DNA is composed of 35% of the base adenine (A), what else must be true? It contains \____________. (7)

15% guanine (G)

The order of bases on two sides of the double-helix of DNA are \______________. (7)

complementary

The full complement of genetic material is the \__________ which is made up of many \__________. Each strand of DNA in turn contains specific \__________. (7)

genome; chromosomes; genes

Which enzyme is used in the process of transcription? (7)

RNA polymerase

Which of the following is not true about DNA replication? (7)

DNA replication is 100% accurate.

Taq1 is a \_____________. (7)

heat-tolerant DNA polymerase

Which RNA carries the genetic information that gets directly translated into protein? (7)

mRNA

From Investigating Life "Genetic messages from the dead tell tales of ancient ecosystems": The protein rubisco is a component of what part of photosynthesis? (Hint: See Chapter 5.) (7)

Carbon fixation

DNA found in chloroplasts and DNA is supporting evidence for \____________. (7)

endosymbiont theory

A chromosome is made of (8)

all of the above (DNA, histones, chromatin.)

Why is a chromosome composed of two chromatids? (8)

Because the DNA has replicated.

A \______ cell is \______ and a gamete is \______ (8)

somatic; diploid; haploid.

How is G 0 different from G 1? (8)

A G1 cell can continue to divide, but a G0 cell does not.

What would happen to a dividing animal cell if there was no cytokinesis? (8)

The number of nuclei in the cell would increase over time.

Why is the metaphase checkpoint so important? (8)

Because it ensures that the chromosomes will be properly separated.

Predict how excess telomerase activity would affect a cell. (8)

It would increase the number of times the cell could divide.

What is an oncogene? (8)

An abnormal allele of a gene that can influence the cell cycle

Why are the caspases so important to apoptosis? (8)

They kill the cell by destroying its DNA and proteins.

An egg from a Venezuelan gecko has a very low number of 16 chromosomes. Thus, the entire \________ consists of 32 chromosomes, and each chromosome consists of \__________ and proteins. (8)

genome; DNA

The chromosome in Figure 8.3a (left-most portion) is likely in \_______ of the cell cycle while Figure 8.3b is in \__________. (8)

G1 phase; S phase

Somatic cells in a goldfish have 94 chromosomes. Thus, an egg produced by a female would be \__________ and have \____ chromosomes. (8)

haploid; 47

Which of the following occur during interphase? (8)

cells carried out basic functions

What is the diploid number of the cell in Figure 8.6? (8)

4

A mutation in gene coding for the p53 protein that prevents the protein from functioning could result in which of the following? (8)

Growth and replication of damaged cells.

In a skin cell, long telomeres indicate that the cell has undergone \____________ divisions. (8)

few

After a visit to a specialist, Dan was diagnosed with liver cancer. Six months later additional tumors were found in his stomach and small intestine. This is an example of \_____________. (8)

metastasis

A gene that codes for a receptor for a growth factor is mutated. A normally functioning receptor binds with a growth factor and then sends a signal into the cell. However, the abnormal receptor sends a constant signal into the cell whether or not it binds with a growth factor. The gene that codes for the abnormal receptor is \____________.(8)

an oncogene

Webbing of the digits (fingers) in humans, or syndactyly, typically occurs during the sixth to eighth weeks of embryonic life. It occurs in one of every 2000 to 2500 births and is more common among Caucasian males. Syndactyly is caused by the failure of what process? (8)

apoptosis

Endostatin is a drug that \_____________. (8)

is an angiogenesis inhibitor

The unique feature of sex is (9)

the ability to generate new genetic combinations.

How is a somatic cell different from a germ cell? (9)

Germ cells produce gametes.

Fertilization results in the formation of a (9)

diploid zygote