4-5 GROUP

Ge

classified as metalloid in group 4

Carbon

serves as the basic building unit of organic compounds.

f

All carbons are organic

t or f

carbonates, oxalates, tartrates and acetates.

Carbon occurs in inorganic compound such as?

F

Is carbon dioxide organic?

\
t or f

Catenation-chain Formation

ability of carbon to form bonds with itself or chains; capable of forming four bonds.

2+ and 4+

\
ns2np2

The elements may exhibit _______oxidation states, in keeping their ________.

Isomerism

same molecular formula but different structure

Butane and isobutane

Hybridization

carbon can form hybrid orbitals; combination of orbitals to form hybrid orbitals

Sn and Pb

Metal in group 4

C, Si

Non-Metal in group 4

C

Fundamental constituent of all animal and vegetative tissue

Allotropes

different forms of an element in the same physical state; all solids for carbon

Diamond and graphite

Crystalline examples

Diamond

hardest mineral

graphite

the stable form of diamond

Bituminous , Anthracite

amorphous examples

Bituminous

soft coal

Anthracite

hard coal

Activated Charcoal

from ligneous material by carbonization in the absence of air followed by heat or chemical treatment to increase surface area.

Activated Charcoal

used in treatment of diarrhea

SILICON

2nd most abundant element on earth

Silica plates

made of SiO2 used in Thin Layer Chromatography

Silica

common name of SiO2

GERMANIUM

semi-conductors • used in microelectronic parts

Sn

**used in production of cans**

Stannous (Sn+2)

Stannic (Sn4+)

Forms two salts

LEAD

Most metallic element in the group IVA

Accumulative

long exposure to the poison that accumulated in the body and eventually manifested symptoms unless exposed to big amounts.

used as a **Protein precipitant**

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, Plumbism / Saturnism

antidote and effects of Sn

CaEDTA

most common form used for lead poisoning.

memory loss

irritability

clumsiness o

projectile vomiting

effects of Lead Encephalopathy

brain

Target Organ of Lead

Wrist drop / Foot Drop so called Pb Palsy

Neuro Effect of Lead

Metallic taste, black stools

GIT Effect of Lead

Microcytic, Hypochromic anemia

Blood description of people with Lead exposure

Fanconi-Like Syndrome

Instead of kidney reabsorbing the components back to the blood, it is released in the urine.

Paints

Canned Food – no longer used

Old Lead Pipes

Automobile Exhaust as tetraethyl lead - Now, it is Unleaded.

Functions of lead

Nitrogen and Phosphorus

non-metallic elements in group 5

Bi

metal in group 5

As and Sb

metalloids elements in group 5

NH3

All are flammable and poisonous except

t

t

All Group VA elements combines with hydrogen to form hydrides.

t or f

f

Ammonia is toxic in small doses

\
t or f

o Phosphine (PH3)

o Arsine (AsH3)

o Stibine (SbH3)

o Bismuthine (BiH3)

examples of hydrides in group 5

f

Bi has a tendency to accept electrons

\
t or f

Mephitic Air (“without life”), Azote

Common names of nitrogen

NITROGEN

non-reactive like noble gases

78-80%

amount of nitrogen present in the atmosphere

NITROGEN

used in refrigerant and cryogenic preservation.

NITROGEN

can freeze instantly for preservation of cells, tissues, and microorganisms.

Carbon dioxide

used in Laboratory euthanasia of animals

PHOSPHORUS

Essential constituent of protoplasm, nervous and bone tissue.

Light Carrier, St Elmo’s Fire

Common Names of phosphorus

Garlic Odor Breath

toxicity caused by phosphorus

Luminous Vomit

side effects of garlic odor breath

CuSO4 – Cupric sulfate

Treatment for garlic odor breath

White or Yellow

color of toxic phosphorus

o White/Yellow

o Black

o Red

o Violet

allotropic forms of phosphorus

phossy jaw

Bony Necrosis especially mandible area called

rat poison

use of white phosphorus

Garlic Odor of Breath, Luminous vomitus, Severe GI irritation, Bloody Diarrhea, Liver Damage, General Protoplasmic poison

acute poisoning of white phosphorus

BLACK PHOSPHORUS

Resembles graphite in texture.

BLACK PHOSPHORUS

Produced from White P under High Pressure

BLACK PHOSPHORUS

Stable in air

BLACK PHOSPHORUS

Does not catch fire spontaneously.

RED PHOSPHORUS

Appears as red to violet powder.

RED PHOSPHORUS

Non Poisonous, Non Flammable type of phosphorus

t

White P is known to catch fire spontaneously

\
t or f

RED PHOSPHORUS

Less chemically active compared to White P

Safety Matches, Pyrotechnics

uses of red p

Dimercaprol also known as BAL (British Anti-Lewisite)

\
Antidote of Arsenic 

f

Arsenic in general is not toxic.

t or f

FeCl3 and Mg(OH)2

\
Ferric chloride and Magnesium hydroxide

antidote for arsenic ingestion

Salvarsan/ Compound 606/ Arsphenamine

Arsenic is a component of what compound

ARSENIC

Lewisite metal contains

\
As+3 (**arsenic(III) cation)**

Arsenic is poisonous especially

helium

hydrogen

nitrogen

oxygen

carbon dioxide

**Color coding of gas cylinders:**

Brown:

Red:

Black:

Green:

Grey:

\

BAL

antidote if arsenic was already absorbed in the GI tract

\
PARIS GREEN

SCHEELE’S GREEN

FOWLER’S SOLUTION

DONOVAN’S SOLUTION

Compounds of Arsenic:

Cupric Acetoarsenite - Cu(C2H3O2) ● 3Cu (AsO2)2

PARIS GREEN also known as

PARIS GREEN

Cupric Acetoarsenite

Cu(C2H3O2)

3Cu (AsO2)2

\
Use as a rodenticide, Insecticide, Pigment, and blue colorant for fireworks 

Arsenious oxide, white arsenic, Arsenic (III) Oxide, Arsenicum Album

Other name of arsenic trioxide

AsI3 and HgI2 Solution

DONOVAN’S SOLUTION:

1% Potassium Arsenite Solution; Anti Leukemic – K3AsO3

FOWLER’S SOLUTION:

Cupric Hydrogen Arsenite – AsCuHO3

SCHEELE’S GREEN:

ARSENIC TRIOXIDE

treatment for leukemia

General Protoplasmic Poison

effect of Arsenic poisoning

Digestive Problems: Vomiting, Abdominal Pain, Diarrhea accompanied by bleeding, Hair loss

cause of acute poisoning in arsenic

Mees Lines

Characteristic White line in Nails

Arsenicosis and Cancer

causes of chronic poisoning in arsenic

Antimony Glance (Sb2S3) - Antimony sulfide

Most important source of Antimony

Antimony

Red Orange in Color

Astringent

Emetic

Expectorant

Anthelmintic (for Schistosomiasis) - Kills and Expel intestinal worms.

Pharmacologic actions of antimony

Vermifuge

\
The anthelmintic drug that expel worms

Antimony potassium tartrate - K2Sb2(C4H2O6)2

important compound of Sb

Brown mixture

Tartar emetic common name

Schistosomiasis

What disease is Antimony potassium tartrate for