Comparative Models in Policing

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

A study of organization structure, operations , functions, ranks and designated names of various law enforcement agencies around the world.

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

it is the process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in order to discover insight in the field of international policing.

POLITEIA

 Greek word which means citizenship, administration, civil polity or government of a city,

Politia

Latin word which means civil administration

Police

French changed the word to which means public order, administration, government

Abu Sayyaf Group

Bearer of the Sword

militant organization based on Basilan island, one of the southern islands in the Philippine archipelago.

Apostasy

defined as the conscious abandonment of ISLAM by Muslim in word through deed, its includes the act of converting to another religion by a person who was born in a Muslim family.

Al Qaeda

a global militant Islamist organization founded by Osama Bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam and several other militants.

Centralized Police

A country with only one recognized police force which operates entire that country.  Philippines is the example of centralized police because the Philippines National Police (PNP) has one central office with many regional, provincial and local branches throughout the country.

Decentralized Police

refers to a system where police administration and operations are independent from one to another.   It is more applicable to countries with federal government.

Chowkider

in India, means one who inhabits a ``Chowki`` police station or guard house.

Opportunity theory

is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more  careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.

Demographic theory

is based on the event of when greater numbers of children are being born, because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out the adolescent identity crisis.    

Theory of anomie

progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held people together.

Confucian thought

the belief that social order can be achieved through moral and political reform because man is by nature good or capable of goodness.

Koban

- is a small neighborhood police station found in Japan.

- translated to English term as Police Box.

- Are staffed by a relatively small numbers of police officers (usually 3-5 officers).

Taliban – means ``students`` in an Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan.

– means ``students`` in an Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan.

Terrorism

- the unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.

Transnational Crime

– offences whose inception and or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one country.

 Folk Communal Society

-society has a little codification of Law,

no specialization among the police and a system of punishment that just let things go for a while without attention until things become too much, and then harsh, barbaric, punishment is resorted to.

This type of society is often seen as primitive and barbaric.

Urban Commercial Society -

has civil law specialized police forces, and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh sometimes lenient.

Urban Industrial Society

- police in this society are specialized on property crime such as theft. It has codified laws but laws that prescribe good behaviors and the system of punishment is run on market principles of creating incentives and disincentives.

Bureaucratic Society

– has a system of laws, police who tend to keep busy handling political crime and terrorism, a system of punishment characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding. It is in this society where Juvenile Delinquency existed.

Common Law System

– is also known as Anglo-American Justice. It is distinguished by a strong adversarial system where lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedents.

Civil law System

– also known as Continental justice or Romano Germanic. This system is distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused, and the law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation.

Socialist System

– also known as Marxist-Leninist system that existed in many places where there has been a Communist revolution. It is primarily characterized by administrative law, where non legal officials make most of the decisions. This system asserted that goods would allow people to pursue their own interests and develop their own talents without being coerced into performing labor for others.

Islamic Systems

-  these justice systems are also known as Muslim or Arabic Justice and derive all their procedures and practices from interpretation of the Koran (Shariah Law). this system is based more on the concept of natural justice where crimes are considered acts of injustice that conflict with tradition and religion plays an important role.

Adversarial System

– the accused is innocent until proven guilty.

Inquisitorial System

– the accused is guilty until proven Innocent

Continental

– maintains the idea that police officers are servants of the higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental countries like France, Italy, and Spain.

Home Rule

– States that the police officers are servants of the community or the people. This theory prevails in England and United States. Decentralized  policing also utilized this theory.

Old Police Service

– states that the gauge of police proficiency/ efficiency relies on the number of arrests made.

Modern Police Service

– the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the absence of crime.

Deviance Control

– the modern policing function which primarily involves the mission to reinforce community values and laws. This was adopted by Germany, China and Japan.

Civil Order Control

– is not organizationally separated from deviance control but is performed by regular street police   in the country of England and United States.

-respond to a situation where a crowd is possibly getting out of control and disturbing of police.

Traditional Policing

-this models the police  officer would respond when a call came in that a crime occurred. Once the officer responded to the crime, the officer would then take a report and hand the investigation off to a detective. This policing is reactive in nature.

Problem Solving Policing

– there is an emphasis on trying and prevent crime from happening. In this policing detectives watch the patterns in crime to help understand when and how crimes are being committed.

Community Oriented Policing

- within this model, the officers will take more community involvement stance. No longer does an officer sits in his patrol car and wait for a call that a crime has happened.

Globalization

-is the system of interaction the countries of the world in order to develop the economy.

Refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world.

Involves technological, economic, political, and cultural exchange made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure.

Money Laundering

The concealment of the origins of illegally obtained money, typically by means of transfers involving foreign banks or legitimate businesses.

Praetorian Guards

- Military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in which the idea of policing said to have originated

Officer de la Paix

- a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police Officer.

Tun Policing System

-all male residents were required to guard the town (Tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people.

Hue and Cry

-  A village law started in Britain which provided method of apprehending a criminal by an act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.

Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

Trial by Ordeal

– A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. The word ``ordeal`` was derived from the Medieval Latin word ``Dei Indicum`` which means `` a miraculous decision`` .

Oaths

Compurgation

-the Compurgator system allowed other people, preferably of high social position to swear that the accused is an honest person. (This is known today as character witness)

Trial by Ordeal

- a person is compelled to perform an act either walking on a burning coal or through red hot iron. It was said that the gods would protect the innocent.

Shire-Reeve

– was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided into fifty-five (55) military areas, each headed by a ruler called the Reeve (head-man or lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five (55) military division in England are called shires.

The Shire-Reeve had absolute powers that no one could question his or her actions.

Constabuli or the Keeper of the Horse `` were appointed to each village to aid the reeve in his duties. It became the source of the word Constable.

The term ``Shire-Reeve`` is said to be the origin of the word ``Sheriff.``

Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge

A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve and tasked to travel through and hear criminals cases. This was the first instance of the division of the police and judicial powers.

Legis Henrici (Law of Henry)

An act that was enacted during this period with the following features.

-          Offense was classified as against the King and individual.

-          Policeman becomes public servant.

-          The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. it introduced the system called ``citizen`s arrest``.

-          Grand jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. It eliminated the Anglo-Saxon Trial or Trial by Ordeal System``

Frankpledge System

A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve years of age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people.

Guards were appointed and the duties of the constable at night (watch) and in daytime (ward) were defined

- Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the peace.

Statute of 1295

– The Law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of the gates of London during sundown.

Justice of the Peace (About 1361)

- Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to pursue, arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or village ordinances. This was later abolished about 75 years after.

Star Chamber Court (1487)

- A special court designed to trial offenders against the state. The room set-up is formed in a shape of a star and judges were given great powers such as the power to force testimony from a defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of the judges.

keepers of the Peace

– A proclamation issued by king Richard of England sometime in 1195 that required the appointment of knights to keep the Kings peace by standing as guards on bridges and gates while checking the people entering and leaving the cities and towns.

King Charles II of England (1663)

– King Charles II passed an act which established or promoted the employment of watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.

Magna Carta

``The Great Charter ``- A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the Knights of the Rounded Table forcing the King to sign with the following feature  

-No Freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by legal judgment of his peers. No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim. London Policing Prior to 1829

Henry Fielding

- appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow Street Runners

Bow Runners

– a group of men organized by Henry Fielding tasked to catch thieves and robbers.

Sir Robert Peel

– appointed as Home Secretary in 1822 Metropolitan Police

– organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829)

The largest of the police services that operate in greater London (The others include the City of London Police and the British transport Police)

-Finest Police Force around the world.

-Total Policing – motto of London Metropolitan Police

Important Dates

1833

- Cold bath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major crowd disturbance dealt with by the Metropolitan Police with controversial use of force.

1836

- The Metropolitan Police absorb the Bow Street Horse Patrol into control.

1838

-Incorporates Marine Police with Bow Street Runners onto the Metropolitan Police and the disbandment of the Bow Street Office and the other offices.

Administration Policing Principles of London Metropolitan Police

1. Stable and effective civil police under government control

2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency

3. Fast distribution of crime news to the police is essential.

Commissioner

– highest rank in the Metropolitan

Police Constable

– Lowest Rank

INTERNATIOANAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION
(INTERPOL)

It is the world`s largest international police organization, with 188 members countries. It facilitates cross border police cooperation and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is prevent or combat international crimes.

Its Headquarter is in Lyon France.

Its supreme governing body is the General Assembly.

Secure Global Police Communication Services

   Interpol global communications system, known as I-24/7, enables police in all member countries to request, submit and access vital data instantly in a secure environment.

Operational data services and databases for police

  Member countries have direct and immediate access to a wide range of databases including information on known criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and stolen or lost travel documents.

Operational Police Support Services

Interpol provides law enforcement officials in the field with emergency support and operational activities. A Command and Co-ordination Centre operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week and can deploy an Incident Response Team to the scene of a serious crime or disaster

Police Training and Development

    Interpol provides focused police training initiatives with aim of enhancing the capacity of member countries to effectively combat transnational crime and terrorism.

General Assembly

– Compose of delegates appointed by the governments of Member Countries. As Interpol`s supreme governing body, it meets once a year and takes all the major decisions affecting general policy, the resources needed for international co-operational, working methods, finances and program of activities.

Executive Committee

Interpol`s select deliberative organ which meets three times a year, usually in March, July and immediately before General Assembly. Its role is to supervise the execution of the decisions of the General Assembly, prepare the agenda for session of the General Assembly, etc

General Secretariat

  Located at Lyon France the general secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary General. Officials from more than 80 countries work side by side in any of the Organization`s four official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish.

National Central Bureaus (NCB)

– each Interpol member country maintains a National central Bureau staffed by national law enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for the General Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

Advisers

– these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

Commission for the Control of Interpol`s Files (CCF)

- this is an independent body whose mandate is to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization`s regulations, to advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving the processing of personal information and to process requests concerning the information contained in Interpol`s files.

Red Notice

- a notice which is issued to seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to extradition

Blue Notice

– this type of notice is issued in order to locate, identify or obtain information on a person of interest in a criminal investigation.

Yellow Notice

– to help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are unable to identify themselves.

Green Notice

- to provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons who have committed criminal offences and are likely to repeat these crime in other countries or considered to be a possible threat public safety.

Orange Notice

– to warn of event, a person, an object or a process representing an imminent danger and threat to persons or property (disguised weapons, parcel bombs and other dangerous materials).

Black Notice

– to seek information on unidentified bodies

Purple Notice

– issued to provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment methods used by criminals.

ASEANAPOL Executive Committee

– comprise of deputy heads of delegation attending the annual ASEANAPOL conference. It provides a summary reports of the activities of the Secretariat to the Head of the Delegation

ASEANAPOL Permanent Secretariat

– is on rotational basis with member countries taking turn to host the ASEANAPOL conference and automatically assume the role of the secretariat for the current year

- headed by executive director and assisted by 2 directors

Tenure of Service

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE (IACP)

It was founded in Chicago in 1893 as the National Chiefs of Police Union.  The primary goal of this organization was to apprehend the return criminals who had fled the agency jurisdictions in which they were wanted. Its goals involve advancing science and art of police work, promoting improved practices throughout the law enforcement community and foster cooperation and information exchange among police administrators.

EUROPEAN POLICE (EUROPOL)

The European Union law enforcement agency that handles criminal intelligence. Its aim is to improved the effectiveness and cooperation between authorities of the member states in preventing and combating all forms of serious international organized crime and terrorism.

UNITED NATIONS

-              Officially came into existence on October 24, 1945

-              Coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in the declaration by United Nation. This declaration was made to officially states the Cooperation of the allies (Great Britain, the United State, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

UN general Assembly

– This is the main decision making and representative assembly in the UN through its policies and recommendations it is composed of all members states, is headed by a President elected from the member states, and meets from September to December.

Deliberative

– Initiating studies and making recommendations for the development of international law

Supervisory

– receiving and considering annual and special reports from another organization

Financial

– approval and apportionment of budget

Constituent

– admissions of members and the amendments of charter

UN Security Council

– is another branch in the organization of the UN and is the most powerful of all branches

Preventive Action

– consist of provisional measures to prevent a conflict from worsening and may involve the deployment of peacekeeping and observer.

Enforcement Action

- consists of deployment of air, sea and land forces

Secretariat

– its main responsibility is providing studies, information and other data needed.