Habituation

Habituation

One of the simplest forms of learning and consists of a gradual reduction in response to a stimuli that is presented repeatedly

Orienting Response

is a behavior that an animal exhibits when exposed to a novel or unexpected stimulus

Habituation

This is the decrease in orienting (and other) responses to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly

Habituation

This usually occurs in response to a neutral stimulus

startle response

For habituation, there can also be a reduction in the OR to a noxious stimuli... This is a defensive behavior and is usually shown by a what

Startle

This is a natural response to any sudden or loud stimulus

Fear-potentiated startle

This is a specific type of startle that occurs when paired with a classically conditioned stimulus

Skin Conductance and Eye Blink Response and Startle response

Ways to Study Habituation are what

Novel Object Recognition

Commonly used in rats and mice and takes advantage of their natural curiosity

Part of brain involved: connection between PFC and hippocampus

Habituation

This is indicated by fewer and fewer responses (startle, OR, etc) over many trials

Yes

Can reflexes be habituated?

Frequency of Repetition

The number of stimulus exposures required depends on species (noxious vs. neutral also makes a difference)

Spontaneous recovery

When a stimulus is withheld for a long period of time the OR recovers AND the response is larger than before the delay

Fewer stimulations are needed to rehabituate on successive trials (after a delay)

This implies that there is learning occurring between habituation trials as well

Effects of Repeated Habituations are what?

closely

The more _______ stimulations are spaced, the faster the habituation

Generalization Effect

Habituation to a stimulus can generalize to other, similar stimulus (given it doesn’t elicit an OR)

generalization

the greater the difference between stimuli the less this will occur

Stimulus generalization

This will cause you to react to ALL similar stimuli

Typically occurs when someone is exposed to a massive trauma

Who are individuals who are not likely to habituate

habituating

NOT doing this to a noxious stimuli can cause subsequent exposure to elicit an undesirable response

habituation

Doing this to noxious (or stressful) stimuli is the standard response

Dishabituation

This is when habituation to one stimulus can be temporarily blocked by the presentation of another, novel stimulus

larger orienting response than trial 15

15 tones → habituation → then different tone → Original tone on trial 16 → leads to what?

Habituation, sensitization

Most responses decline after repeated stimulations: this is what?

However, sometimes the response INCREASES which is known as what?

Dual process

This basically says that the overall behavioral response to repeated stimulation depends on the balance between habituation and sensitization

Dual processes

These processes are in parallel (or independent) of each other, both behaviorally and neurologically

state system

Any stimuli (S) elicits a motor response (R)

At the same time, a _________ that increases arousal is also activated

Cognitive Model

Solokov (1963) said that the OR is elicited only if there is no comparable stimulus in our experience (memory)

Cognitive model

This is also called the “comparator” model

This model is also contingent upon various other factors such as setting or time

the mere exposure effect

Familiarity breeds enjoyment this is also known as the ______

An example: Rats are highly neophobic, especially to food but if they are exposed to a new taste repeatedly, they will begin to prefer it

Exposure Therapy

Idea that irrational fear is based on previous experience and generalizes and habituates to non-dangerous objects

Successful in treatment of anxiety disorders and phobias