Midterm Review

statistical probability of a harmful event and is defined as the number of harmful events that occur in a given population over a stated period

risk

Triangle of fire

fuel, oxygen, ignition

Rubber and plastics

silastic, and vinyl = flammable

immediate action acronym

Rescue , Alarm, Contain, Extinguish

EXTINGUISHER acronym

Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep (PASS)

portable tanks that is used when inline systems are not available or when patients are transported

oxygen

air used as power sources for instruments such as drills, saws

compressed nitrogen

used during laser surgery

argon

an anesthetic gas

nitrous oxide

used for insufflation of the abdominal cavity

carbon dioxide

PPE ( personal protective equipment )

protects personal equipment protects personnel against high concentration of chemicals or infectious materials in healthcare settings.

contain benzene, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde , blood fragments, and viruses

smoke plume

what body mechanics are used In lifting an object

using abdominal muscles

direct contact ( touching )

with the organism may result in an infection ( stethoscopes, blood cuff)

is the spread of microorganism by water droplets in the air

droplet transmission

examples of droplet transmission

touching, coughing, sneezing

occurs via droplet nuclei ( or aerosol droplet)

airborne transmission

occurs when a pathogen is ingested in food or water or through fecal oral transmission

oral transmission

what are prokaryotic organisms

bacteria

responsible for one-third of all bacterial infections in humans, cause suppurative infection

gram-positive cocci ,

most widespread cause of surgical site infections , resides on healthy skin transmitted to the surgical wound by direct or indirect contact

staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus )

is a normal resident of the skin, (spread by medical devices such as catheters, prothetic valves)

Staphylococcus epidermidis ( s-epidermidis )

is a spore-forming bacterium that causes sever diarrhea

clostridium difficile (C. diff)

is a virulent form of Staphylococcus that is transmitted primarily by direct contact with hands, equipment, and supplies

( MRSA ) Methicillin- resistant staphylococcus aureus and epidermis

these strains can be treated with other antibiotics, first diagnosed in the US in 1997

Vancomycin- resistant and vancomycin-intermediate resistant

another name for haemophilus influenza

meningitis

another name for treponema pallidum

syphilis

Virus

not a cell, nonliving infectious agent that ranges in size from 10 to 300 nm, classified by shape and structure. chemical composition, method of replication

HIV

What virus that had a global effect and changes in practices and procedures in health care dramatically

the virus that is caused by varicella zoster

chickenpox

the virus that causes lyssavirus

rabies virus

protein particle that is not a cell and is not related to bacteria or viruses

prion

another name for micro bacteria tuberculosis

TB

harmless or beneficial microorganisms, help prevent invading potentially diseases causing microorganisms from colonizing in tissue, normally live on or in the body

resident flora

microbes that temporarily reside on the skin or other surfaces, more likely to cause harm, easily removed, contacted with contaminated surfaces, people or objects

transient flora

sterility is

absolute ( items are sterile or not sterile)

is the physical space occupied by the draped patient, drapes instrument, tables and equipment

sterile field

are used in hand hygiene

antiseptics

destruction of microorganism on living tissue

antisepsis

heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, crucial for infection control in health care

(HVAC) systems that provide a sterile environment

operating room divided in three sections

unrestricted, semi-restricted, and restricted areas.

lowest level of asepsis, no guidelines ( staff locker/changing areas)

unrestricted

has specific requirements for the use of surgical attire and access to other areas of the department ( pre-operative/post-operative patient care )

semi-restricted

carries the highest standards for asepsis and most stringent guidelines for attire and access ( operating room, scrub sink)

restricted

minimum total air changes per HR in OR

20

the scalp and hair are a rich source of

staphylococcus aureus

worn by circulator, non-sterile preoperative personnel

non-sterile jacket

2 methods for performing surgical hand antisepsis

surgical hand rub, surgical hand scrub

( unassisted ) closed gloving

is a technique for donning sterile gloves without assistance, ensuring a sterile field is maintained.

standards that reduces health care worker exposure to blood, and body fluids

OSHA blood-borne pathogens

most common means of transmission of blood-borne pathogens to health care workers

is through sharp injuries

where sharps can be placed and picked up so that the surgical tech and surgeon are done without causing injury

hands-free technique, used for handling sharps

precaution must be taken for measles, varicella, tuberculosis, healthcare personnel must wear respiratory protection

airborne transmission precaution

traveling distance of droplets is 3ft or less, they do not remain suspended in the air, precaution should implemented for influenza type B, rubella,

droplet transmission precaution

AORN

association of per-operative registered nurses

develop ways to implement the standards and monitor the outcomes

sterile processing department (CPD — CENTRAL PROCESSING DEPARTMENT )

chemical used to remove microorganisms on skin or other tissue

antiseptic

refers to the process or chemical that inhibits bacterial colorization, but does not destroy bacteria

bacteriostatic agent

is the process that removes most but not all microbes on inanimate surfaces

disinfection

complete destruction of all forms of life on an object

sterilization

sterile instrument and supplies are loaded onto a clean cart

case cart

ultrasonic cleaner removes debris from instruments by a process called

cavitation.

is a protein particle that is not a cell and is not related to bacteria or viruses

prion

3 phases of steam sterilization

-conditioning -exposure - exhaust.

high speed pre-vacuum sterilization, replaced with flash sterilization,

immediate-use - steam sterilization ( IUSS)

highly flammable, used to sterilize items that are heat and moisture sensitive

Ethylene oxide ( EO )

destruction of some but not all types and forms of microorganisms on an inanimate object

disinfection

performed immediately after gowning

closed gloving

is used during sterile procedures that do not require a sterile gown, such as preoperative skin preparation of the patient

open gloving

-cidal

means to kill

every chemical used in the workplace has a corresponding

( MSDS ) material safety data sheet

catastrophic event that poses a large-scale risk to human life and property

disaster

geographically isolated event that can be handled by local emergency services

emergency

localized emergency such as transportation accident

( MCE ) mass casualty event

levels of classification of disasters that indicates the response

3 levels

what corresponds level one

to a localized emergency requiring minimal resources.

what corresponds level II

regional assistance from surrounding communities is required

what corresponds level III

statewide and federal assistance is required because the effects of the disaster have overwhelmed local and regional resources

unintentional events caused by human activity ( industrial, technological )

technologist disasters

wide-scale, rapidly contagious infectious diseases

pandemic

localized to a specific population

epidemic

emergency management safety

( EMA )

federal emergency management safety

( FEMA )

disaster cycle

preparedness, mitigation, response, recovery

is the ability of a health care facility

surge capacity

process in which casualties are given emergency medical treatment according to the probability of their survival

triage

Bacilli

Rod shaped

Spirochete

Curved or spiral shaped

Micro-

Singly

Strep-

Chains

Pairs-

Diplo

Staph-

Groups of four or clusters

Variola

German measles

Morbillivirus

Measles

Enterovirus

Polio

Vector

Bugs

SSI

Surgical site infection

Spaulding system

Provides healthcare professional a way to determine if a patient requires sterilization

Chemical used inside water

Enzymatic cleaner

Paper strips chemically treated to change color when a certain criteria is met

Chemical