Exam 2 study guide

o Who is considered the father of genetics?

Gregor Mandel- Pea Plant

Who discovered the organzier

Hilde Mangold

What is the Nucleus

The central structure of Eukaryotic cell that house most DNA

o   What is the function of helicase?

Unzips dna strand during dna replication

o What is the function of RNA polymerase? DNA polymerase?

Builds mRNA strand from a template DNA Strand, Builds a new DNA strand from the 2 templates during dna relocation-Goes one direction

What is mRNA

Messenger RNA bring instructions to build proteins out of the nucleus

What is tRNA

Transport RNA bring amino acids to the ribosome & matchest to the codons on mRNA

Codon

3 Base series on the mRNA Strand that is matched to the anticodon of the tRNA. Each amino acid has at least one codon- C=G A=U

What is the function of the TATA Box

Attracts TBP to initate DNA TRANSCRIPTION by attracting RNA polymerase

What is the function of the ribosomes

The site of protein synthesis (Builds)

What are Okazaki Fragments

Small pieces (Loops) of DNA built in backwards chucks on the lagging strand of DNA replication

What are Alleles

Different versions of a single gene. Hetro and Homo

What is a genome

All of the DNA of an organism (Chromosomes list)

What is transcription

the process of reading DNA to create an mRNA template

What is translation

The process of using a mRNA template to build a protein

What is the name for a cell with both complements of chromosomes

Diploid Cells- two kinds of each chromosome

Whats the name for a cell with half of the normal complement of chromosomes

Haploid cells- One of each kind- reproductive cells

What are the different types of gene regulation

Innate mechanisms (INSIDE)- Initiate or stop genes in every step of the process or epigentic control (OUTSIDE) absord by the cell to signal to activate something

What is the name of the process during meiosis where chromosomes exchange information

Crossing over

What is Hensen’s Node

The head of the primitive streak & the organizer of the embryo

What is the acrosomal reaction

The release of enzymes from sperm head to dissolve the barrier around egg

what are sperm and eggs

Haploid gamates of animals

what is the process that forms the nerve tub

Neurulation - Folding process thing

What energy producing organelle has it own genome

mitochondra

Mitoses

Cell duplication- 2 identical copies- replication, aligins, pulled apart by centrioles, cells seperate, two daughter cells

Meiosis

Creating gemeates- 4 haploids cells- Replicate, alings, cross over, pulled a part by Centrioles, seperates twice

Central dogma of Biology

DNA transcription into RNA and translation into a protein

Phenotype vs Genotype

P = set of observable physical traits (Like color), G= organisms genetics makeup

Four major developmental stages and one event in each

Cleaveage- Makes lots of cells, Gastrulation- cells move and from three layer (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm), Neurulation- Spinal cord and brain, Growth- Gets bigger

Gastrulation

Interior tube pushed through blastula – creates gastrula. Establishes tissue layers.

Neurulation

Dorsal ectoderm is folded over itself to make the neural tube

Ectoderm-Mesoderm,Endoderm

Ectroderm- Nervous system and skin, Mesoderm- Muscles and kidneys, Endoderm- lungs and liver

Understand the role of the organizer and what can result from malfunctions in the organizer.

Forms notocord, causes mesoderm to left and right to become blocks of muscle, helps ectoderm above to become brain & spinal cord, Helps move cells in gastrulation. Malfunction can result in conjunction twins.