Development

Authoritative

Parents set clear rules and boundaries while also being responsive to their children's needs. They encourage independence, but also provide guidance and support

Authoritarian

Parents have strict rules and high expectations but are not responsive to their children's needs. They may use punishment rather than discipline and have little warmth or communication.

Permissive

Parents are very responsive to their children's needs but have few rules or boundaries. They may avoid confrontation and allow their children to make their own decisions without much guidance.

Neglectful

Parents are neither demanding nor responsive. They may be emotionally distant or neglectful of their children's needs, leading to a lack of supervision and support.

Piaget’s Stages

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational.

Sensorimotor

Birth to 2 years old; infants explore the world through their senses and motor actions, gradually developing object permanence and basic understanding of causality.

Preoperational

2 to 7 years old; children develop symbolic thinking and language but lack logical reasoning. They may be egocentric and have difficulty understanding conservation.

Concrete Operational

7 to 11 years old; children begin to think logically about concrete events and understand conservation. They can perform simple mental operations but struggle with abstract concepts.

Formal Operational

11 years old and older; adolescents develop abstract thinking, hypothetical reasoning, and the ability to engage in deductive reasoning and problem-solving.

Erikson’s Stages

Psychosocial stages of development.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Infancy (0-1 year); developing a sense of trust and security in caregivers.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Toddlerhood (1-3 years); asserting independence and autonomy while learning self-control.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Preschool (3-6 years); exploring the environment and developing a sense of initiative while learning to control impulses.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Elementary school (6-12 years); mastering skills and developing a sense of competence and accomplishment.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Adolescence (12-18 years); forming a sense of identity and exploring personal values and beliefs.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young adulthood (18-40 years); forming close, meaningful relationships and commitments.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle adulthood (40-65 years); contributing to society and future generations, or feeling stagnant and unproductive.

Integrity vs. Despair

Late adulthood (65+ years); reflecting on life and feeling satisfied with accomplishments, or experiencing regret and despair.

Prenatal

Events and experiences occurring during pregnancy, which can influence fetal development and health outcomes.

Maternal

Influences related to the mother's behaviors, emotions, and interactions during pregnancy and after childbirth.

Early Childhood

Experiences and environments during infancy and early childhood, which shape cognitive, emotional, and social development.

Maslow’s Hierarchy

Hierarchy of human needs.

Carl Rogers

Humanistic psychologist emphasizing self-concept and unconditional positive regard.

Free Association:

Psychoanalytic technique where patients freely express thoughts.