ap psychology ch14

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing othe’’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

attitude

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

central route persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position defining how those in position ought to behave

• zimbardos prsion experiment

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we have to act to reduce discomfort we fee when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

door in the face

full asking for something all at once

• to be able to compromise for a smaller one, overask so what you actually need seems smaller and not a big deal

automatic mimicry

same as another person to fit in with the conformity

conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informational social influence

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

The Shock Experiment…

Stanley Milgram

• tested for obedience from authority figures even if it meant harming someone

milgram

shock experiment to test obedience

social facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

group polarization

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shares by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

norms

a understood rule for accepted and expected behavior

• prescribe ‘proper behavior’

zimbardo

prison experiment tested authority

asch

line experiment tested conformity

prejudice

a unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members

• stereotyped beliefs, negative feeligs, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

stereotype

a generalized belief about a group of people

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

ingroup

“us”- people with whom we share common identity

outgroup

‘them”- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

ingroup bias

the tendency to favor our own group

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

other-race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races

jane elliot

performed the brown/blue eye experiment to study discrimination

prejudice is..

thought

stereotype is..

generalization

discrimination is..

action

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

frustration-aggression principal

the principal that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal… creates anger which can generate the start of aggression

social script

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

biological influences for aggression include:

genetic influences, biochemical influences(testosterone and alcohol),and neural influences

psychological influences for aggression include:

dominating behaviors, frustration, aggressive role models, low self control

social-cultural influences

deindividuation, challenging environmental factors, parental models, rejection, exposure to violent media

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

companionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystander are present

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

social-responsibility norm

a expectation that people will help those needing their help

conflict

a perceived in compatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

social trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group…causing mutually destructive behavior

self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fufillment

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often help by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

GRIT

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction— a strategy designed to decrease international tensions