APUSH: Unit 4 Key Terms - The Emerging American Political, Economic and Social Identity

Corrupt Bargain

(1824) alleged deal between presidential candidates; John Q. Adams and Henry Clay to throw elections, to be decided by the House in Adams favor - never proven

Spoils System

(1828) policy of rewarding political supporters with public office positions; widely employed into a federal level by Andrew Jackson; it was widely abused by corrupt office seekers (cemented party loyalty)

Tariff of Abominations

(1828) unprecedentedly high duties on import; Southern farmers opposed the tariff, they argues that it hurt southern farmers who didn't enjoy the protection - instead were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures

Nullification Crisis

(1832) a showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina Legislature which declared the Tariff Bill null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties

Indian Removal Act

(1830) ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to the newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri; tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles

Black Hawk War

(1832) series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act

Bank War

(1832) battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832; Jackson vetoed the Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers

Denmark Vesey

(1767-1822) a United States freed slave; led insurrections in South Carolina; was involved in the planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged

John C. Calhoun

(1782-1850) leading American politician, political theorist, and strong nationalist; he favored protective tariffs, states rights, limited government, nullification and free trade

Daniel Webster

1782-1852 senator from Massachusetts and opponent of slavery who supported the Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay

(1777-1852) secretary of state and U.S. senator from Kentucky; known as the "Great Compromiser," helping to negotiate the Missouri Compromise in 1820, the Compromise Tariff of 1833, and the Compromise of 1850; advocated a strong national agenda of internal improvements and protective tariffs, known as the American System

Democrats vs. Whigs

(1836-1850) a new 2 party system; Jacksonian democrats vs Whigs(anti-Jackson party)

Political Machines

(1823-1873) a party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity

Cult of Domesticity

(1820-1860) a persuasive cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women; it gave married woman a greater authority to shape the home life, but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere

Transportation Revolution

(1800-1850s) a series of transportation innovations; turnpikes, steamboats, canals and railroads; it linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy

Market Revolution

(1800-1840s) economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

Innovations in Textile Machinery

(18th century) introduction of machinery to aid in the field of textiles: cotton gin, handloom, spinning jenny, etc.

Steam Engines

(1807) inventions that on boats allowed a whole new way of transportation; water ways in the U.S. were now navigable; it reduced time, labor and expense of shipping goods

Interchangeable parts

(1798) uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces; by Eli Whitney

Canals

human-made waterways where farmers were able to transport their goods through water

Telegraph

(1823) a device that used a system of dots and dashes to send out messages across long distances

Second Great Awakening

(1801-1840) a series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism; a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects; inspired Antebellum reform movements

Mormons(LDS)

(1830s) religious followers of Joseph Smith who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order; known as the "Church of Jesus Christ"

American Temperance Society

*1826) founded in Boston as part of a growing effort of the 19th century reformers to limit alcohol consumption

Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

(1848) gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal

Utopian Communities

(1800s) groups of people who tried to form a perfect society

Transcendentalism

(1820-1860) literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicted upon a belief that each person possesses an "inner light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with god

Charles Grandison Finney

(1792-1875) one of the leading revival preachers during the Second Great Awakening, presided over mass camp meetings throughout New York State, championing temperance and abolition and urging women to play a greater role in religious life

Dorothea Dix

(1802-1887) rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) a suffragette who organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848; she issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women; Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association 1869.

Susan B. Anthony

(1820-1906) an early leader of the women's suffrage (right to vote) movement, co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association in 1869.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

(1803-1882) transcendentalist from bostol; wrote self-Reliance in 1841; one of his essays, promoted the virtue of independence; through the themes in his writing influenced American thought and culture

Henry David Thoreau

(1817-1862) American transcendentalist and author of Civil Disobedience(1894); he was a committed idealist and abolitionist, he advocated civil disobedience, spending a night in jail for refusing to pay a poll tax to a government that supported slavery

Emily Dickinson

(1830-1886) Massachusetts-born poet who, despite spending her life as a recluse, created a vivid inner world through her poetry, exploring themes of nature, love, death, and immortality