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4 subsystems of speech
respiration, laryngeal, velopharyngeal, pharyngo-oral
Respiration system
Provides the voice with its power source-breath Lungs, Rib cage, Diaphragm and other muscles that open up the lungs to allow air to flow in
Laryngeal Apparatus
Between trachea and pharynx contains VF (voice box)
Abduction
open posture allows air to flow into the lungs and out again voiceless
Adduction
closed posture Voice: air lungs is pushed up through the closed VF, which causes them to vibrate. Voicing
Velopharygeal Nasal
open: nasalance
closed: non nasalance
Pharyngo-oral
Oral cavity and oral vestibule, middle and lower pharynx articulation prepares and transports food: swallowing
acoustics
hearing sound has intensity frequency and duration
4 subsystems for hearing
outer ear
middle ear
inner ear and auditory nerve
central auditory pathway
Name the outer middle and inner ear
Malleus
Semicircular canals
Vestibular nerve (detecting balance)
Facial nerve (facial expression)
Auditory nerve
Cochlea
Eustachian tube
Stapes
Incus
Ear drum
Ear Canal
Name the external ear
Elastic cartilages
Auricle
External acoustic meatus
Name middle ear
Auditory ossicles
Oval window
Tympanic cavity
Tympanic membrane
Name internal ear
Semicircular canals
Patro is part of temporal bone
Facial nerve VII (7) (facial nerve)
Vestibulochoclear nerves VIII (8) (special sensation of hearing, and its vestibular portions are involved in balance, spatial sensation, and posture)
Bony labyrinth of external ear
Cochlea
Auditory tube
Vestibule
Round window
Cochlear nuclei is one __________________
one side
(is the first central auditory structure to receive input from the cochlea via the auditory nerve.)
central auditory pathway
Cochlea to
Brain stem (central) to
Cochlear nuclei on one side to
Bilateral pathway: lateral Lemniscus to
Thalamus to
Primary auditory cortex
we hear _______ not words
Sounds
skeleton Axial:
Visceral- cranium, rib cage and vertebral column
Name the axial skeleton
Ossicles (inner ear)
Skull
Hyoid bone
Rib cage
Vertebral column
The vertebral column supports what ____ and ______
Speech and breathing
skeleton Appendicular
Shoulder and pelvic girdles, limbs
What is viscera- cranium.
jaw and face
Part of the axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton supports
limps supporting gesticulation (gestures) grasping and walking
What does the neuro cranium (skull) do?
Protecting brain and brain stem
The skull 2 sets of bones in skull
Neuro cranium cranial vault ( calvaria)
Viscera cranium (facial bones)
Neuro cranium cranial vault (calvaria) has _, and __
dome cranial base
The dome has __________ and __________
Parietal Bone and Frontal bone
Cranial base front to back
FESTO
FRONTAL (FRONT)
ETHMOID
SPHENOID
TEMPORAL
OCCIPITAL (BACK)
Vicero cranium (facial bones)
Nasal bone,
Zygomatic,
Maxilla,
Mandible
Base of (hint cranial)
-Anterior cranial fossa
-Middle cranial fossa
-Posterior cranial fossa
What bones does anterior fossa contain
Crifrom plate ( entry of olfactory nerve: smell )
Frontal bone plus lesser wing sphenoid
Name each one
What does is olfactory nerve
Sense of smell
Middle fossa contains what kind of bones
great wing sphenoid bone temporal bone
Posterior Fossa contains what kind of bones
occipital bone medial flack petrous portion of temporal bone
Anterior Fossa contains what nerve
Cribriform plate ( entry of Olfactory nerve: smell)
Anatomical Planes
coronal Headband (vertical, cut into front and back halves)
Transverse/Horizontal (horizontal cut into upper and lower) crown
sagittal (vertical cut into left and right halves) middle/ midline
Directions: of anatomy where is dorsal located?
on top of the head it could be also called superior
Directions: of anatomy Where is ventral located
opposite of dorsal bottom of brain
Directions of Anatomy What is the top of the head called
Dorsal
Directions: of anatomy Side of the head is called
lateral
Directions: of anatomy in front of the head is __________
Anterior
Directions: of anatomy back of the head is __________
Posterior
Directions: of anatomy middle of the lateral sides is called
Medial
Brain axis is _____
Horizontal
Brain stem spinal cord axis is ______
Vertical
Name each
Dorsal/ superior
Posterior / caudal
Ventral/ inferior
Anterior/ rostral
Brain stem below name each one
Superior , cephalad, rostral
Posterior dorsal
Inferior, caudal
Anterior ventral
The brain is mostly __ bc of all the ____
The brain is mostly white bc of all the connections
Brain ( cerebrum)
Surface
Wrinkles:
Fissures
Brain ( cerebrum)
Surface
Bulges:
Gyri
Brain ( cerebrum)
Surface
Cortex gray cell bodies (nucleus) have how many layers
6 layers
Brain ( cerebrum)
Surface
What is white matter in the surface of the brain
Axons
Brain ( cerebrum)
Surface
Ventricles are
Little belly like cavities
Liquid filled cerebral spinal fluid
When belly’s are to big that means
Less connections
Aka less white and more volume
Brain ( cerebrum)
Two halves
Hemispheres
Separated by groove
Connected
Brain ( cerebrum)
Two halves
What is the groove separates the 2 hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
Brain ( cerebrum)
Surface
How are the 2 hemispheres connected
Connected by corpus callosum
Brain ( cerebrum)
Building units
Neurons and glia
Brain ( cerebrum)
Building units
What are neurons
Gray and white matter
Cell body (gray)
Axon (white)
Brain ( cerebrum)
Building units
What does glia do
Glue
Provide structure to keep the brain together
Provide nutrition for the neurons to keep them alive
What is cerebellum
Mini brain
-muscle control, including balance and movement. It also plays a role in other cognitive functions such as language processing and memory.
Nervous system cells
Signaling cells
Neurons
Their is multiple types
Nervous system cells
Non signaling cells
Glial cells
And ependymal cells
Nervous system cells
Name 4 of the glial cells (non signaling cells ) and Ependymal
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Schwann cells
Ependyma
Nervous system cells
Is there only one non signaling cells that is ependymal
What’s the name
Yes
Ependyma
Name all the glial cells (4)and Ependymal cell
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Schwann cells
Ependyma cells
Is Astrocytes a signaling cell
No
Name each glial cell
Schwann cell
Oligodendrocyte
Microglial cell
Ependymal cells
Astrocyte
Is microglia a signaling cell
No
Is neuron a SIGNALING CELL
Yes
What is the body of a nueron called ?
Soma ( cell body): Nucleus and Organelles (DNA)
What do Organelles in a cell body do?
Initiate sequence of neurotransmitters synthesis,
Neurotransmitter (transmits signal) transported from the cell body to terminal buttons
Neurons are what?
Signal by electrochemical transduction
What does glial cells do for neurons?
They are structure support for neurons
Name each Glial cell? (5)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann cells
Astrocytes
Microglia
Apendymal cells
What does Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (Glial cells do? For nuerons?
Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells do myelin wrapping
What does Astrocytes (Glia cell) do for neurons?
Anchor, neurons to blood supply and regulate extracellular environment
What does Microglia (glial cell) do for neurons?
Remove waste products
What does ependymal cells (glial cells) do for neurons
Generate cerebrospinal fluid
What is the resting potention of a cell?
approximently -70mV
What happens when channels in the membrane allow NA+ (sodium) ions to pass into the cell?
Makes its charge more positive
What is it called when NA+ (sodium) ions rush into the cell and the “neuron fires”
Depolarazing
What is Repolarization?
restoration of the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber or cell following depolarization
What is Hyperpolarized?
End of action potential
For a short time if the potentioal goes below the resting potential
What is Presynaptic membrane?
Terminal button of peripheral motor nerve
What is Postsynaptic membrane?
motor end plate
What cell generates Cerebrospinal fluid?
(HINT glial cell)
Ependymal cell (Glial cell)
Neurotransmitters are __________ and are used in our________
Neurotransmitters are acetylcholine and are used in our muscles
What are axons coated with?
Myelin
a mixture of proteins and lipids, that help conduct signals and protect axons
Are axons white or gray matter?
axons are white matter because they are connections
What is cortico bulbar?
BRAIN STEM
The _____ (never cell) is the structural and functional (signaling) unit of the ______________
The neuron (nerve cell) is the structural and functional (signaling) unit of the nervous system
Lateralized function is _______
Asymmetric
dominant function
the view that distinct brain regions perform certain functions.
ex: L dominant hemisphere : language
Motor means
movement
Sensory means
sensation
Motor has 2 different categories
Somantic (Voluntary)
autonomic (Automatic)
Examples of motor somantic (voluntary movement)
voluntary muscle movement
skeletal
breathing for speech
Example of motor Autonomic (automatic movement)
heart, gut, digestive system, breathing to stay alive
aka organs
2 types of sensory (aka sensations)
General
special
What are some general sensations?
touch, pressure, tempeture, pain