anatomy exam 1

4 subsystems of speech

respiration, laryngeal, velopharyngeal, pharyngo-oral

Respiration system

Provides the voice with its power source-breath
Lungs, Rib cage, Diaphragm and other muscles that open up the lungs to allow air to flow in

Laryngeal Apparatus

Between trachea and pharynx
contains VF (voice box)

Abduction

open posture
allows air to flow into the lungs and out again
voiceless

Adduction

closed posture
Voice: air lungs is pushed up through the closed VF, which causes them to vibrate. Voicing

Velopharygeal Nasal

open: nasalance

closed: non nasalance

Pharyngo-oral

Oral cavity and oral vestibule, middle and lower pharynx
articulation
prepares and transports food: swallowing

acoustics

hearing
sound has intensity frequency and duration

4 subsystems for hearing

outer ear

middle ear

inner ear and auditory nerve

central auditory pathway

Name the outer middle and inner ear

1. Malleus

2. Semicircular canals

3. Vestibular nerve (detecting balance)

4. Facial nerve (facial expression)

5. Auditory nerve

6. Cochlea

7. Eustachian tube

8. Stapes

9. Incus

10. Ear drum

11. Ear Canal

Name the external ear

1. Elastic cartilages
2. Auricle
3. External acoustic meatus

Name middle ear

1. Auditory ossicles
2. Oval window
3. Tympanic cavity
4. Tympanic membrane

Name internal ear

1. Semicircular canals

2. Patro is part of temporal bone

3. Facial nerve VII (7) (facial nerve)

4. Vestibulochoclear nerves VIII (8) (special sensation of hearing, and its vestibular portions are involved in balance, spatial sensation, and posture)

5. Bony labyrinth of external ear

6. Cochlea

7. Auditory tube

8. Vestibule

9. Round window

Cochlear nuclei is one __________________

one side

(is the first central auditory structure to receive input from the cochlea via the auditory nerve.)

central auditory pathway

1. Cochlea to

2. Brain stem (central) to

3. Cochlear nuclei on one side to

4. Bilateral pathway: lateral Lemniscus to

5. Thalamus to

6. Primary auditory cortex

we hear _______ not words

Sounds

skeleton Axial:

Visceral- cranium, rib cage and vertebral column

Name the axial skeleton

1. Ossicles (inner ear)

2. Skull

3. Hyoid bone

4. Rib cage

5. Vertebral column

The vertebral column supports what ____ __and__ ______

Speech and breathing

skeleton Appendicular

Shoulder and pelvic girdles, limbs

What is viscera- cranium.

jaw and face

Part of the axial skeleton

appendicular skeleton supports

limps supporting gesticulation (gestures) grasping and walking

What does the neuro cranium (skull) do?

Protecting brain and brain stem

The skull 2 sets of bones in skull

Neuro cranium cranial vault ( calvaria)

Viscera cranium (facial bones)

Neuro cranium cranial vault (calvaria)
has \__________, and \___________

dome
cranial base

The dome has \__________ and \__________

Parietal Bone and Frontal bone

Cranial base front to back

FESTO

FRONTAL (FRONT)

ETHMOID

SPHENOID

TEMPORAL

OCCIPITAL (BACK)

Vicero cranium (facial bones)

Nasal bone,

Zygomatic,

Maxilla,

Mandible

Base of (hint cranial)

• -Anterior cranial fossa

• -Middle cranial fossa

• -Posterior cranial fossa

What bones does anterior fossa contain

1. Crifrom plate ( entry of olfactory nerve: smell )
2. Frontal bone plus lesser wing sphenoid

\

\

Name each one

What does is olfactory nerve

Sense of smell

Middle fossa contains what kind of bones

great wing sphenoid bone
temporal bone

Posterior Fossa contains what kind of bones

occipital bone
medial flack petrous portion of temporal bone

Anterior Fossa contains what nerve

Cribriform plate ( entry of Olfactory nerve: smell)

Anatomical Planes

1. coronal Headband (vertical, cut into front and back halves)
2. Transverse/Horizontal (horizontal cut into upper and lower) crown
3. sagittal (vertical cut into left and right halves) middle/ midline

Directions: of anatomy
where is dorsal located?

on top of the head it could be also called superior

Directions: of anatomy
Where is ventral located

opposite of dorsal
bottom of brain

Directions of Anatomy
What is the top of the head called

Dorsal

Directions: of anatomy
Side of the head is called

lateral

Directions: of anatomy
in front of the head is \__________

Anterior

Directions: of anatomy
back of the head is \__________

Posterior

Directions: of anatomy
middle of the lateral sides is called

Medial

Brain axis is _____

Horizontal

Brain stem spinal cord axis is ______

Vertical

Name each

1. Dorsal/ superior
2. Posterior / caudal
3. Ventral/ inferior
4. Anterior/ rostral

Brain stem below name each one

1. Superior , cephalad, rostral
2. Posterior dorsal
3. Inferior, caudal
4. Anterior ventral

The brain is mostly __ __bc of all the__ ____

The brain is mostly white bc of all the connections

Brain ( cerebrum)

Surface

Wrinkles:

Fissures

Brain ( cerebrum)

Surface

Bulges:

Gyri

Brain ( cerebrum) 

Surface 

Cortex gray cell bodies (nucleus) have how many layers

6 layers

Brain ( cerebrum) 

Surface 

What is white matter in the surface of the brain

Axons

Brain ( cerebrum)

Surface

Ventricles are

Little belly like cavities

Liquid filled cerebral spinal fluid

When belly’s are to big that means

Less connections

Aka less white and more volume

Brain ( cerebrum) 

Two halves

Hemispheres

Separated by groove

Connected

Brain ( cerebrum) 

Two halves

What is the groove separates the 2 hemispheres

Longitudinal fissure

Brain ( cerebrum) 

Surface 

How are the 2 hemispheres connected

Connected by corpus callosum

Brain ( cerebrum)

Building units

Neurons and glia

Brain ( cerebrum) 

Building units

What are neurons

Gray and white matter

Cell body (gray)

Axon (white)

Brain ( cerebrum) 

Building units

What does glia do

Glue

Provide structure to keep the brain together

Provide nutrition for the neurons to keep them alive

What is cerebellum

Mini brain

-muscle control, including balance and movement. It also plays a role in other cognitive functions such as language processing and memory.

Nervous system cells

Signaling cells

Neurons

Their is multiple types

Nervous system cells 

Non signaling cells

\

Glial cells

And ependymal cells

Nervous system cells

Name 4 of the glial cells (non signaling cells ) and Ependymal

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Schwann cells

Ependyma

Nervous system cells

Is there only one non signaling cells that is ependymal

What’s the name

Yes

Ependyma

Name all the glial cells (4)and Ependymal cell

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Schwann cells

Ependyma cells

Is Astrocytes a signaling cell

No

Name each glial cell

1. Schwann cell
2. Oligodendrocyte
3. Microglial cell
4. Ependymal cells
5. Astrocyte

Is microglia a signaling cell

No

Is neuron a SIGNALING CELL

Yes

What is the body of a nueron called ?

Soma ( cell body): Nucleus and Organelles (DNA)

What do Organelles in a cell body do?

Initiate sequence of neurotransmitters synthesis,

Neurotransmitter (transmits signal) transported from the cell body to terminal buttons

Neurons are what?

Signal by electrochemical transduction

What does glial cells do for neurons?

They are structure support for neurons

Name each Glial cell? (5)

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Schwann cells

Astrocytes

Microglia

Apendymal cells

What does Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (Glial cells do? For nuerons?

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells do myelin wrapping

\

What does Astrocytes (Glia cell) do for neurons?

Anchor, neurons to blood supply and regulate extracellular environment

What does Microglia (glial cell) do for neurons?

Remove waste products

What does ependymal cells (glial cells) do for neurons

Generate cerebrospinal fluid

What is the resting potention of a cell?

approximently -70mV

What happens when channels in the membrane allow NA+ (sodium) ions to pass into the cell?

Makes its charge more positive

What is it called when NA+ (sodium) ions rush into the cell and the “neuron fires”

Depolarazing

What is Repolarization?

restoration of the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber or cell following depolarization

What is Hyperpolarized?

End of action potential

For a short time if the potentioal goes below the resting potential

What is Presynaptic membrane?

Terminal button of peripheral motor nerve

What is Postsynaptic membrane?

motor end plate

What cell generates Cerebrospinal fluid?

(HINT glial cell)

Ependymal cell (Glial cell)

Neurotransmitters are __________ __and are used in our__________

Neurotransmitters are acetylcholine and are used in our muscles

What are axons coated with?

Myelin

a mixture of proteins and lipids, that help conduct signals and protect axons

Are axons white or gray matter?

axons are white matter because they are connections

What is cortico bulbar?

BRAIN STEM

The _____ __(never cell) is the structural and functional (signaling) unit of the__ ______________

The neuron (nerve cell) is the structural and functional (signaling) unit of the nervous system

Lateralized function is _______

Asymmetric

dominant function

the view that distinct brain regions perform certain functions.

ex: L dominant hemisphere : language

Motor means

movement

Sensory means

sensation

Motor has 2 different categories

Somantic (Voluntary)

autonomic (Automatic)

Examples of motor somantic (voluntary movement)

voluntary muscle movement

skeletal

breathing for speech

Example of motor Autonomic (automatic movement)

heart, gut, digestive system, breathing to stay alive

aka organs

2 types of sensory (aka sensations)

General

special

What are some general sensations?

touch, pressure, tempeture, pain