Lesson 1.2 - Psychoanalytic and Cognitive Construction

Father of Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud is considered the:

Sigmund Freud

who said that the self is multi-tiered/layered that is divided into: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious self

Conscious

according to Sigmund Freud, it refers to those thoughts and feelings that we are aware of

thoughts and perceptions

examples of conscious level

Preconcsious

according to Sigmund Freud, these are the experiences that are unconscious but could become conscious with little effort

memories and stored knowledge

example of preconscious level

Unconscious

according to Sigmund Freud, it contains all drives, urges or instincts that are beyond our awareness but motivate our feelings, thoughts and behavior

Fears, Unacceptable Sexual Desires, Irrational Wishes, Shameful Experiences, Selfish Needs, Immoral Urges, Violent Motives

examples of unconscious level

Id, Ego, Superego

Structure of the Self according to Sigmund Freud

Id

• biological self

• pleasure principle

• natural part of the self

• animalistic nature of man

• pleasure seeking part of the personality

• determined by the genetic code

• providing the raw materials

• setting the boundary conditions for development

• represents the basic need of man

warmth and comfort

If the id is properly controlled, it could bring _____________________.

destroy

If the id is angered or provoked, it could __________ not only himself but also his surrounding

Superego

• Social Self

• Idealistic Principle

• incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents and others

Ego

• Psychological Self

• Reality Principle

• only region of the mind that is in contact with reality; it operates to fulfil the reality principle

• constantly tries to reconciles the irrational wants of the id and the superego with the realistic demands of the world

Anxiety

Weak ego will lead to _________________

Defense Mechanisms

To protect the ego from anxiety, we use _____________________

Sublimation

EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS:

• suppression of unwanted impulses by substituting it with a creative cultural accomplishments

Displacement

EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS:

• redirecting unacceptable urges to less threatening people or objects

Repression

EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS:

• when the ego is threatened, it unconsciously forgets or block unpleasant feelings

Regression

EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS:

• the ego may revert back to an earlier stage during times of stress or anxiety

Progression

EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS:

• attributing the unwanted impulse to another person

Imaginary Audience

Adolescents are thought to believe that others are always watching and evaluating them, and that they are special and unique

Self-Concept according to Harter, 1999

knowledge representation that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals

Mental Representation under Self-Concept

• What we look like

• How we feel in different types of situation

• How we behave towards others

• What do we do at work

• What are the roles we have in the family or society

Self-Esteem

• describe a person's overall sense of self-worth or personal value

• refers to how much you appreciate and like yourself

• seen as a personality trait, which means that it tends to be stable and enduring

Real and Ideal Self

• A person's ideal self may not be consistent with what actually happens in life and experiences of the person

• Hence, a difference may exist between a person's ideal self and actual experience

Carl Rogers

created the Real and Ideal Self

congruence

Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of ______________

Leon Festiger

who defined self by social comparison

Temporal Comparison

comparison in considering your present condition in relation to how you were in the past

Social Comparison

comparison in evaluating yourself in comparison to others – using others as a basis for evaluating your attributes

UPWARD or DOWNWARD

In social comparison, depending on the level of someone’s motivation, he/she may have the tendency to compare himself/herself with others either in an _______________________ kind of comparison

Upward social comparison

• When we compare ourselves with those who we believe are better than us

• Often focus on the desire to improve our current level of ability

• A highly motivated person tends to engage in this comparisons, and usually assume himself/herself as better or equal to the “best person”

• Studies have shown that if given a chance, people choose to make this comparison

Downward social comparison

• When we compare themselves to others who are worse off than ourselves

• Often centered on making ourselves feel better about our abilities

• A person who is unhappy or is unmotivated usually engages in this to feel better about himself/herself

Passive Downward Comparison

• Happens when a person takes into consideration the previous condition in making comparison

• Example: A low performing student comparing himself/herself with a worse off student

Active Downward Comparison

• Happens when a person compares himself/herself with others by demeaning or causing harm to them

• By derogating the target or causing harm to him/her, this person generates a situation in which the target is worse off than him/her

Motivation

plays a role in real and ideal self and is manifested by self-evaluation and self-enhancement

Self-Evaluation

occurs when someone looks for positive traits in himself/herself based on the best person he/she compares himself/herself with

Self-enhancement

occurs when the person questions which aspects of himself/herself need to be improved to reach the level of goodness of the person he/she is comparing himself/herself with

Reference Group

• A group to which an individual or another group is compared

• According to sociologists, a group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.

New

______ identities are forged in relation to work, parenthood, economic status, and ageing

balance

One’s identity must _________ the need to be similar to one’s reference group with the need to be a unique individual