shinall final exam

about 25 of the 92 natural elements ae known to be essential to life. Which 4 of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of organic living matter

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Atoms have no electric charge because they have

an equal number of protons and electrons

carbon-14 has the same

number of protons but more neutrons than C-12

how is a single covalent bond formed

two atoms share two electrons

in a molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen by

polar covalent bonds

the partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to the partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called

Cohesion

the element present in all organic molecules is

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

which of the following is not a polymer

glucose

how many molecules of water are released during the polymerization of a 20 monomer-long cellulose molecule

19

the relation between amino acid and polypeptide is similar to the relation between

Nucleotides and Nucleic acid, lipids and fatty acids, monosaccharides and carbohydrates

the advantages of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that

allows for one to view the dynamic process in living cells

all of the following are part of a prokaryotic except

ER

which structure is common to plant and animal cells

mitochondria

which of the is present in a prokaryotic cell

ribosome

large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules

proteins

which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell

vacuole

a cell with an extensive area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is specialized to

synthesize large quantities of lipids

which structure is not part of the endomembrane system because it has its own

chloroplast, mitochondria, peroxisome

which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells

mitochondria

which of the following would likely move through the lipids bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly

carbon dioxide

which of the following is (are) true for anabolic pathways

they consume energy to build up polymers

synthesis of ATP, utilizing ATP synthase, during chemiosmosis occurs in

the inner membrane of the mitochondria

what term is used to describe the transfer of free energy from catabolic pathways to anabolic pathways

energy coupling

which of the following normally occurs with or without the presense of oxygen

glycolysis

choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as

exergonic is to endergonic

when a molecule of NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom the molecule becomes NADH and is said to have been ____, because it gained 2 e- in addition to a H+

reduced

In glycolysis for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

two molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules are produced

Most of the CO2 released during cellular respiration comes from

the citric acid cycle

the primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to

ac as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen

when oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by product of

splitting water molecules

the numbers in figure 10-1 represent the chromosome number found in each of the dog cells shown. The processes that are occurring at A and B are

meiosis and fertilization

the typical human body cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in a typical human sperm

23

If two heterozygous individuals are crossed, what percent of their offspring are also expected to be heterozygous

50%

if a female fruit fly heterozygous for red eyes (X^RX^r) crossed with a white-eyed male (X^rY) what percent of their offspring would have white eyes

50%

A man heterozygous for blood type A marries a women heterozygous for blood type B. The chance that their first child will have type O blood is

25%

Nondisjunction is related to a number of serious human disorders. How does nondisjunction cause these disorders

alters chromosome number

A genetically engineered organism that has a gene from another organism is called a

transgenic organism

A man who carries an alleles of an X linked gene will pas it on to

all his daughters

cytosine makes up 42% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine

8%

Which of the following states is NOT TRUE, when comparing mitosis and meiosis

mitosis produces 2 diploid daughter cells, meiosis produces 2 (correct statement is it produces 4) haploid daughter cells.

which of the following is the main reason the modern classification system has been modified to a 3 domain 6 kingdom system from the former 5 kingdom system

new data on the molecular biology of prokaryotes, forces the separation of the bacteria kingdoms

the modern classification system is an attempt to classify life in a useful way to reflect an organism’s

evolution

a graphical representation of an organism’s phylogeny is called a

cladogram

a system for naming species in which two words

binomial nomenclature

the evolutionary history of a species is its

phylogeny

animal like Protista are classified based on their ability to move, which of the following is not a means of motility for Protista?

pili

which of the following statements describes nonvascular plants

no roots, leaves, or stems

what classification of plants have a cone as their reproductive structure

gymnosperm

which of the Chordata listed, have a 2 chambered heart, and can have either a cartilaginous or bony skeleton

Fish

which of the Chordata listed, have a 4 chambered heart, lay terrestrial eggs with a hard calcium carbonate shell

Bird

Which of the following is a correct statement about the the relationship between natural selection and evolution

Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution

certain insects and plants evolving in tandem (together at the same time) is an example of

parallel evolution

most fossils form in what kind of rock

sedimentary

what type of Natural Selection is pushing bacteria population to the extreme phenotype of anti-biotic resistance

Directional Selection

Which type of speciation happens very quickly and is the result of an immediate reproductive barrier, as seen in a population of plants that may experience poplyploidism

Sympatric Speciation

which one of the four cladograms below show a different relationship for organism A, B, C, and D

C

which of the following is the most correct definition of species

animals that can an will mate to produce fertile offspring

comparing the leg bone of the frog to the leg bone of a rabbit is an example of

homologous structures/divergent evolution

in the cladogram X is the common ancestor for all the organisms A-E. Which of the extant species is most closely related within this cladogram

B and C

Which type of ecological succession is diagramed below

Secondary Succession

Approximately how much energy is passes from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem

10%

what occurrence is a major cause of an increase in UV radiation related cancers

a hole in the ozone layer

which of the following is an abiotic factor in an ecosystem

water, space, sunlight

which of the following graph sketches best resembles a typical deer population in a natural park with limited resources

S curve

which of the following practices is most likely to slow the buildup of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

planting trees, reducing emissions

which of the following practices is most likely to slow the buildup of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere

planting trees, reducing emissions

predators often feed on weak or sick animals in an ecosystem, this role of predator is described as its

niche

which of the following is an essential part of the nitrogen-cycle

Bacteria

Humans have had a tremendous impact on the environment. What has caused an increase in the amount of acid rain, and increase in the concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the atmosphere

Fossil fuels, emissions

Bacteria and Fungi are both heterotrophs, but fungi are unique because they digest food outside of their body. Which of the following terms is used to describe these types of organisms

saprotrophs

what is the term used to describe the role as sea otter has in the Kelp Forest ecosystem. Remember that otters eat urchins, sea urchins eat kelp, kelp creates a diverse ecosystem which hundreds of different fish, crustaceans, turtles, and mammals

Keystone Species