1824-1840 Jacksonian Democracy-Manifest Destiny

Jacksonian Democracy

expanded suffrage to the common man and increased the power of the presidency

sufferage

right to vote

John Quincy Adams

6th President of the United States (1825–1829); skilled diplomat (helping write the Monroe Doctrine); supported internal improvements like roads and canals

Corrupt Bargain

Election of 1824; House chose J.Q. Adams as pres. then appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State; Jackson’s supporters accused them of making a secret deal (“corrupt bargain”)

tariff of abominations 

protective tariff passed by Congress (caused price of manufactured goods to increase) → helped Northern Industry, hurts the South

John Calhoun

politician from South Carolina; known for being Vice-pres. under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson; strongly defended states’ rights, slavery, and nullification

nullification

idea that a state could declare a federal law invalid if it believed the law was unconstitutional

Indian Removal Act

law passed during Jackson’s presidency that forced Native American tribes in the South to move west of the Mississippi River (opening native lands to white settlement)

Trail of Tears

march of Native American tribes (especially the Cherokee) to the land west of the Mississippi River (resulted in thousands of deaths from disease and starvation)

Bank of the U.S.

national bank created the stabilize the American economy by issuing currency and regulating state banks; Andrew Jackson was VERY AGAINST it 

pet banks

state banks where Jackson placed federal money after he killed the Bank of the U.S.

Panic of 1837

major economic depression caused by Jackson killing the Bank of the U.S.; caused widespread bank failures, unemployment, and hardship

Whigs

political party that formed from their hate for Andrew Jacksons and the Democrats; supported the American System, favored a stronger role for Congress over the presidency

Women’s Rights movement

movement that fought for equal rights and opportunities for women (suffrage, education, and legal equality)

Senaca Falls Convention 

first women’s rights convention, led by Elzabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott; the Senaca Falls Declaration (Declaration of Sentiments) mirrored the D of I

Elizabeth Cady Stanton 

leading figure in the early women’s rights movement; organized the Senaca Falls Convention; large role in writing the Declaration of Sentiments 

Susan B. Anthony

women’s rights activist; worked closely with Elizabeth Cady Stanton; co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association

temperance movement 

reform movement that pushed people to limit or stop drinking alcohol (to protect families)

Dorthea Dix

fought to improve conditions for the mentally ill and prisoners (led to the creation of more humane mental hospitals)

Horace Mann

“Father of Public Education”; pushed for free public schools, improved school facilities, and better teacher training; believed that education was essential for democracy and social progress

Utopian societies

small communities that tried to create the “perfect” society by experimenting with new social, economic, and religious ideas

Shakers 

religious utopian community that believed in celibacy, communal living and gender equality

Oneida

religious utopian community that practiced communal living, and “complex marriages” (not the same as polygamy tho)

Mormons

run by Joseph Smith and later, Brigham Young; believed in the Book of Mormon which emphasized community and polygamy; went to Utah to escape religious persecution

Hudson River School

American artists became more culturally creative and began to paint romanticized American landscapes

Nathaniel Hawthorne

American novelist and short story writer; wrote The Scarlet Letter

Henry David Thoreau

American writer, philosopher, and Transcendentalist; wrote Walden (about simple living in nature) and Civil Disobedience (argued that people should resist unjust laws)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist writer and philosopher; emphasized individualism, self-reliance, and the spiritual connection between humans and nature

Immigrants (old)

mostly Irish (cities) and German (Midwest) because of famine and poverty; experienced discrimination (nativist hostility)

nativism 

belief that native-born Americans are superior to immigrants, lead to hostility toward newcomers

Know-Nothing

nativist political party that opposed immigration (towards Irish and Germans)

Nat Turner

slave who led a slave rebellion in VA (unsuccessful); his uprising killed around 60 people; lead to harsher slave codes and increased tension over slavery

slave codes

laws in the states that controlled and restricted the rights of slaves

abolition

movement to end slavery

Fredrick Douglas

formerly enslaved African American who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and speaker; fought to end slavery and promote equality through his speeches and writings.

Harriet Tubman

an escaped enslaved woman who became a leading abolitionist and conductor on the Underground Railroad, helping hundreds of enslaved people reach freedom

Sojourner Truth

formerly enslaved African American woman who became a famous abolitionist and women’s rights activist; “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech

William Lloyd Garrison

abolitionist who demanded the immediate end of slavery; best known for publishing the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator