BMD 252 Final Exam questions

Catabolic breakdown of larger lipids to smaller lipid molecules by lipase is an?

Chemical Digestion

Place the following small intestine regions in correct order starting from the largest intestine moving BACKWARDS towards the stomach.

Ileum \> Jejunum \> Duodenum

Which of the following does NOT increase small intense surface area?

Brush Border

Hepatic Portal Circulation:

Delivers nutrient-rich venous blood to the liver

What digestive organ contains acini cells producing trypsinogen?

Pancreas

What terminal part of the soft palate moves upwards during swallowing to prevent food/liquid form entering the nasopharynx?

Ulva

Alimentary canal \_____ detect pH changes.

Chemoreceptors

Which of the following is NOT part of a liver portal triad?

Hepatic portal vein

Segmentation ONLY takes place in the:

Small intestine

What accessory digestive organ is COMPLETELY located inside the intraperitoneal space?

Liver

What layer (tunic) would a surgeon cut through LAST to remove an object from the lumen of the small intestine?

Mucosa

What DISTAL stomach region is continuous with the duodenum?

Pylorus

Gastric secretory gland chief cells produce:

Pepsinogen

Pocket-like sacs on the outer surface of the large intestine are called?

Haustra

The small intestine joins the large intestine at the:

Ileoccal valve

What double-layer peritoneal membranes hold digestive tract organs in place?

Mesentery

The principle role of cellular respiration is to:

Hydrolyze food fuels in generating more ATP

All of the following statements are true of a reduced substance EXCEPT:

Decreased energy

What is the preferred order of nutrient utilization to produce energy?

Carbohydrates \> Lipids \> Proteins

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of oxidative phosphorylation?

Occurs in the cytoplasm

Which of the following statements about glycolysis is FALSE?

Oxygen-dependent process

What mitochondrial inter membrane enzyme harnesses a chemiosmotic gradient energy oxidatively phosphorylate ADP to ATP?

ATP synthase

What process promotes conversion of stored liver glycogen to glucose when the blood sugar levels are too low (hypoglycemia)?

Glycogenolysis

A deficiency of vitamin K would cause?

Brusing

Which of the following represents a complex carbohydrate?

Cereal

What secondary kidney function is triggered by prolonged fasting?

Gluconeogenesis

What force promotes blood plasma water and solutes to move across the filtration membrane?

Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure

The nephron does NOT include the:

Bowman's Caspule

What net filtration pressure (NFP) is required for continuous glomerular?

10 mm Hg

Which of the following is supportive inner transparent connective tissue layer of the kidney (hint: prevents infection from spreading)?

Fibrous capsule

Bundles of long straight juxamedullary nephron per tubular capillaries that function to concentrate urine by reabsorbing water called \_____?

Vasa recta

Which of the following substances is moved from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubes by tubular secretion to become part of urine?

Water

What process moves EXCESS K+ from the per tubular capillaries to the distal convoluted tubules so it becomes part of urine?

Tubular secretion

Blood vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and exit the kidneys at the renal \_____?

Hilum

Which of the following would normally be found in blood plasma but NOT in kidney filtrate?

Water

A drop in net filtration pressure will:

Decrease the glomerular filtration rate

A severe drop in blood pressure causes the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) \_____ cells release renin.

Granular

The kidney structural/functional unit is the:

Nephron

What is the correct sequence of kidney blood flow starting from the renal artery and moving towards the afferent arteriole?

Segmental artery \> Interlobular artery \> Arcuate artery \> Cortical radiate artery

Which of the following is NOT a component of glomerular filtration membrane?

Glomerular capsule squamous epithelium

Which of the following represents the correct order of urine passage through kidney to the urinary bladder?

Minor calyces \> Major calyces \> Renal pelvis \> Ureter

What kidney-produced enzyme converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1 (hint: first step)?

Renin

The primary integration (control) center for endocrine system activity is \_____?

Hypothalamus

What autonomic nervous system division is often described as "resting/digesting"?

Parasympathetic

The thyroid gland produces both thyroid hormone and \_____?

Calcitonin

Which of the following in NOT part of the brain stem?

Thalamus

Which statement is true of ALL arteries?

Carry blood away from the heart

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the right lung?

Cardiac notch

What brain structure contains both the cardiac and respiratory ANS control centers?

Medulla oblongata

What is the normal blood pH range?

7.35-7.45

What is the alternate name for the heart mitral valve?

Bicuspid valve

Which of the following formed elements function to prevent blood vessels (hint: thrombocytes)?

Platelets

Blood returning to the heart to the left atrium from the lungs is:

Oxygen rich/carbon dioxide poor

Nerve fibers carrying impulses away from the central nervous system muscles are classified as:

Motor efferent

chemical digestion first occurs in the

mouth

stimuli that regulate gastrointestinal tract activity are sensed by all of the following except

ANS motor neurons

list the four layers of the alimentary canal wall from innermost to outermost starting at the lumen

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

the \______ are double layers of peritoneum that extend from the body wall to help anchor digestive viscera in place

mesenteries

in general, parasympathetic input to the gut are \_____ , while sympathetic inputs are \_____

stimulatory/inhibitory

what is a possible side effect of a weakened cardiac sphincter

acid reflux into esophagus

the stomachs ability to expand early 100 times its empty volume is partly due to \______ in its walls

rugae

digestion of \_____ might be inhibited if a patient chronically consumes an antacid

protein

which of the following is NOT involved in small intestine nutrient absorption

teniae coli

what nutrient class does pancreatic trypsin degrade

proteins

which of the following represents a source of complete protein

eggs

the major metabolic function for most vitamins is that they assist enzymes by serving as

coenzymes

in general metabolic terms, food digestion is a form of \______, whole building new protein molecules os a form of \____

catabolism/anabolism

what is the function of molecular oxygen during cellular respiration

final electron acceptor of nutrient oxidation

which of the following processes would be likely to occur in the skeletal muscle cell of a sprinter

glycolysis

which of the following substances can enter the krebs cycle

amino acids and pyruvic acid

the process whereby excess glucose is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle cells is called

glycogenesis

for a marathon runner, what benefit is there to eating a diet of 75% carbohydrates and reducing the workout for 3 to 4 days before competition

muscle cells will store higher-than-normal levels of glycogen

which of the following, if in excess, produces ammonia

deamination

all of the following occurs during oxidation except

increased energy

urine collection occurs in the renal \____ of the kidney.

pelvis

which section of the renal tubule would be affected if simple squamous epithelium were damaged

thin segment of the loop of henle

the juxtaglomerular apparatus is made of \______ cells associated with afferent arteriole and \____ cells of the DCT

granular; macula densa

what afferent arteriole response would you expect if systemic blood pressure increased

vasoconstriction

which of the following would not be found in normal filtrate

protein

extrinsic controls regulate glomerular filtration rate as a means of controlling

systemic blood pressure

which of the following general functions can be assigned to the renin-angiotensin system

water conservation and blood pressure elevation

which of the following processes in urine formation is important for regulating blood pH

secretion

how would giving a patient intravenous albumin affect filtration

a higher colloid osmotic pressure would lower net filtration pressure

what features of the bladder predispose it to be able to stretch and relax repeatedly

rugae/transitional epithelium

Stomach mucus neck cells produce:

only acid mucus

the small intestine ends at the

ileocecal valve

what digestive organ is located entirely within the retroperitoneum

pancreas

What proximal stomach region is continuous (associated) with the esophagus?

cardia

the large intestine surface demonstrates ribbon-like smooth muscle bands called

teniae coli

which of the following is a characteristics of oxidative phosphorylation

occurs in the mitochondria

which of the following represents glycogen breakdown in response to low blood glucose

glycogenolysis

In metabolic oxidation-reduction reactions the oxidized substance:

losses hydrogen

which of the following represents a catabolic process

lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol

which of the following is a simple carbohydrate

fruit

what artery passes along areas between medullary pyramids as it heads toward the renal cortex

interlobar

What opposing filtration pressure results from filtrate already present in the glomerular capsule?

capsular hydrostatic pressure

which of the following is a middle fatty layer of kidney cushioning against blows

adipose capsule

what gland releases renin to convert circulating angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

kidney

which of the following represents the correct order or urine passage through kidney to is associated ureter

collecting duct, medullary duct, calyces, renal pelvis

what characteristic is true of veins

carry blood towards the heart