PSYCH MAKE-UP

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

her own conscious experiences

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?

hierarchy of needs

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual’s basic tendencies.

Five Factor

Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and/or countries?

A dissertation

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

Clinical Psychology

A(n) ________ , also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animal’s rewards and punishments.

Skinner box

Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig?

Wilhelm Wundt

Psychology refers to the ________.

Scientific study of mind and behavior

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior.

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.

The operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Dr. Singh has just completed her PhD program and is now applying for a year-long program at a nationally-recognized hospital. If accepted, she will greatly advance her knowledge of behavioral neuroscience. Dr. Singh is applying for a(n) ________ training program.

Post doctoral

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?

Populations of developed nations are living longer

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?

Hierarchy of needs

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

The mind and mental process that underline behavior

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists?

Examination of the anatomy and physiology

Psychology refers to the ________.

study of the mind and behavior

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.

Gestalt psychology

According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology?

to study the function of behaviour in the world

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

her own concious behavior

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

random sampling and random group assignment

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief the patients to resolve the deception

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ________.

Margaret Floy Washburn

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ____.

there is a relationship between smoking cigarettes and lung cancer

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?

accuracy

Parsons and her colleagues are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?

functional MRI

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage’s accident, which led to brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.

depression

One example of ________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function.

specialization of function

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

groan and move her eyes

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.

beta-endorphin

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.

raised and folded structures

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

the synapse

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

he had severe seizures

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons, synaptic vesicles

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

_______theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

social-cognitive

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

chronotypes

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content

latent

In Freud’s model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content.

latent content

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

it would lead to a higher chance of substance abuse

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnosis.

social-cognitive theory

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness, light

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

conciousness

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn’t resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.

narcolepsy

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same effect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) _________ rhythm.

biological rhythm

What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K-complexes?

Stage 2 (N2) of NREM sleep

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, and he experiences an intense urge to smoke while in stressful situations. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.

upper airway becomes blocked

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS?

sleep face down

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

usually do not have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are not in control of their own behaviors

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, and he experiences an intense urge to smoke while in stressful situations. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.

jet lag

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

leads to increased risk of substance abuse

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

meditative state

Crack is regarded as more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, reaches the brain more quickly

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

chronotypes

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS?

sleeping face down

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called?

congenital analgesia

Light waves are first transmitted through the ________  at the front of the eye and enter an opening called the ________ before shining onto the retina.

cornea, pupil

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Müller-Lyer

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies?

top-down processing

Which of these is not one of the structures that comprises the outer ear?

the basilar membrane

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.

nociception

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

binocular disparity

The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ________ lobe.

temporal

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

the brain and a person, in general, can process and respond to these messages even though they may arrive outside the realm of conscious thinking or perception

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Nikki was walking around a department store shopping one day, and did not realize that the shirt she was wearing looked just like the shirts worn by employees. When a stranger asked, “do you work here,” she thought it was funny. The other customers’ assumption that Nikki was a store employee demonstrates the Gestalt principle of ___.

similarity

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?

it recieves sound input and sends it directly to the brain

Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. This research protocol demonstrates which concept?

inattentional blindness

Which perceptual system allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on her hands?

proprioception

When considering the wavelength of a radio wave – like the kind you hear when listening to music as you drive along – you would be correct to think that the size is this wave is about as long as:

a building

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic nerve

_______ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

Perception, sensation

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the ___.

crest (high point) to trough (low point)

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________.

Weber’s Law

One principle of civil engineering is that when you design a highway you should have traffic flow in the same direction and avoid interruptions to that flow as much as possible. Exit ramps tend to be curved so that cars don’t have to stop rather than having 90-degree angles that force stops and starts. This is an application of which Gestalt principle?

good continuation

Ravon is deaf. He was born without the ability to hear, and has never experienced an auditory stimulus. When people write using “sound” type words like “loud,” “soft,” and “quiet,” he sometimes has difficulty understanding what they are trying to convey. Ravon has ________ deafness.

congenital

In a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

lens, fovea

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

Knowing that a student fears exams the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes the object of fear to the student

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

previously neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

classical conditioning—the association of a particular stimulus or behavior with an unrelated stimulus or behavior—works in human beings

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner’s work with “Little Albert”?

it would be unethical by today’s standard

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

blinking the eyes when they are touched or when a sudden bright light appears

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

child being given candy for every 3-10 pages of a book they read

Which of the following is an example of instinct?

Baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked