Ch. 7 Cardiovascular System

the cardiovascular system consists of (3)

1. muscular four-chambered heart

2. blood vessels

3. blood

the heart is composed of cardiac muscle and supports two different types of circulation, they are

• pulmonary circulation

• systemic circulation

each side of the heart consists of an ___ and a _____

atrium, ventricle

the atria are separated from the ventricles by the

atrioventricular valves (tricuspid = right, bicuspid = left)

the ventricles are separated from the vasculature by the

semilunar valves (pulmonary = right, aortic = left)

the pathway of blood is

right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → vena cava → right atrium

does the left or right side of the heart contain more muscle, why?

left, because the systemic circulation has a much higher resistance and pressure

the pathway of electrical conduction in the heart is

sinoatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → bundle of His → Purkinje fibers

_____ refers to the period during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closed

systole

_____ refers to when the heart is relaxed and the semilunar valves close

diastle

the cardiac output is the product of

heart rate and stroke volume (CO = HR x SV)

cardiac output (CO) is

total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minute

stroke volume (SV) is

volume of blood pumped per beat

heart rate (HR) is

beats per minute

the ____ nervous system increases heart rate and contractility, the _______ nervous system decreases heart rate

sympathetic, parasympathetic

vasculature consists of

1. arteries

2. veins

3. capillaries

______ are thick, highly muscular structures with an elastic quality that allows for recoil and helps to propel blood forward within the system

arteries

small muscular arteries are _____, which control flow into capillary beds

arterioles

_____ have walls that are one cell thick, making them so narrow that red bloods cells must travel through them single file; they are the sites of gas and solute exchange

capillaries

____ are inelastic, thin-walled structures that transport blood to the heart. They are able to stretch in order to accommodate large volumes of blood but do not have recoil capability.

veins

veins are compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles and have ____ to maintain one-way flow. small veins are called ____

valves, venules

a portal system

blood passes through two capillary beds in series

in the ____ portal system, blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the live capillary bed via the hepatic portal vein

hepatic

in the ____ portal system, blood travels from the capillary bed in the hypothalamus to the capillary bed in the anterior pituitary

hypophyseal

in the ____ portal system, blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole

renal

blood is composed of

1. cells

2. plasma

3. aqueous mixture of nutrients

4. salts

5. respiratory gases

6. hormones

7. blood proteins

Erythrocytes is another name for

red blood cells

erythrocytes lack mitochondria, a nucleus, and organelles to make room for _____, a protein that carries oxygen

hemoglobin

common measurements include hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, which measures

the percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes

Leukocytes is another name for

white blood cells

Leukocytes are formed in the

bone marrow

Granular leukocytes such as ____, ___, ___ play a role in nonspecific immunity

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Agranulocytes such as ____ and ____ also play a role in immunity, with the former playing a large role in specific immunity

lymphocytes, monocytes

Thrombocytes is another name for

platelets

thrombocytes are cell fragments from _____ that are required for coagulation

megakaryocytes

blood antigens include the surface antigens as well as Rh factor (D). The 3 kinds of surface antigens are

A, B, and O

which alleles are codominant and which is recessive

I^A(A) and I^B(B) are codominant, i(O) is recessive

people have antibodies for any ___ alleles they do not have

AB (A blood → B antibodies and vice versa) (AB no antibodies)

is positive Rh factor dominant or recessive (Ex. O^-)

dominant

an Rh-negative individual will only create anti-Rh antibodies after

exposure to Rh-positive blood

blood pressure refers to

the force per unit area that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels by blood (divided into systolic and diastolic components)

blood pressure is measured with a

sphygmomanometer

blood pressure is maintained by _____ and ______ reflexes

baroreceptor, chemoreceptor

low blood pressure promotes ____ and ____ _____ release

aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH / vasopressin)

high blood osmolarity promotes ___ release

ADH

high blood pressure promotes ___ ____ ___ release

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

gas and solute exchange occurs at the level of the capillaries and relies on the existence of ____ ____ to facilitate diffusion across the capillary walls

concentration gradients

capillaries are also ____, which aids in the transport of gases and solutes

leaky

starling forces consist of ______ pressure and ____ (oncotic) pressure

hydrostatic, osmotic

hydrostatic pressure

pressure of the fluid within the blood vessel

osmotic pressure

“sucking” pressure drawing water towards solutes

oncotic pressure

osmotic pressure due to proteins

hydrostatic pressure forces fluids out at the ____ end of a capillary bed, oncotic pressure draws it back in at the ___ end

arteriolar, venule

O2 is carried by _____, which exhibits cooperative binding

hemoglobin

what is cooperative binding

basically if 1 O2 attaches to OR detaches from hemoglobin, it’ll be easier for more to do the same. ( up and down in affinity, respectively)

in the ____ there is a high partial pressure of oxygen, resulting in loading of O2 onto hemoglobin, in the _____ there is a low partial pressure of O2, resulting in unloading

lungs, tissues

CO2 is largely carried in the blood in the form of

carbonic acid (H2CO3), or bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+)

why isnt CO2 just carried in the form of CO2?

CO2 is nonpolar and not particularly soluble, whereas bicarbonate, hydrogen ions, and carbonic acid are polar and highly soluble

high PaCO2 (partial pressure CO2), high [H+], low pH, high temp, and high [2,3-BPG] (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) cause a RIGHT shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, reflecting a decreased affinity for

oxygen

when is a left shift seen in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

fetal hemoglobin compared to adult hemoglobin

_____ results from an activation cascade

coagulation

what starts the coagulation cascade

The endothelial lining of a blood vessel is damaged, the collagen and tissue factor underlying the endothelial cells are exposed

what are the results of the coagulation cascade

formation of a clot over the damaged area

platelets bind to collagen and are stabilized by ____ which is activated by _____

fibrin, thrombin

clots can be broken down by

plasmin