PSYC 255 Exam 2

What are some ethical basic rights?

Understanding the study

Confidentiality

Right to refuse or withdraw participant

Informed consent

Should not be deceived to participate in the study

Should be debriefed at the end of the study

What issues arise during case studies?

They lack objectivity and have generalizability issues (you can't cross apply one case study to another ie. reasons for suicide)

What do correlational studies NOT reveal

Causal relationships

What do correlational studies examine

They examine the relationship between two variables WITHOUT manipulating them

Does correlation equal causation even if theres a high correlation between the independent and dependent variable

Absolutely not. It's difficult for a correlational study to actually show direct causation

Whats the importance of random sampling and random assignment

Allows for equal opportunity for a representative sample and everyone has an equal chance of being in the control or experimental group

are there issues with single blind procedures? how do we fix that?

Single blind procedures can affect how the researcher treats the individual because they know what group their in. As a result some experiments cause for DOUBLE BLIND

Whats important about evaluating correlational studies

They have good external validity. The results can be generalized to real life situations (ie. learned helplessness observed in children or the monkey exp)

What are the disadvantages of correlational studies?

they are time consuming, dont show causality, and dont include the third variable problem

What are the three things epidemiological studies use?

Prevalence (proportion), Incidence (time), Risk factors

Can epidemiological studies establish that a risk factor directly causes a disorder?

No they show association.

Whats the difference between experimental studies and correlational studies?

Experimental studies control independent variables and can eliminate third variables (if possible). Nothing is manipulated in correlational studies

List the type of experimental studies

Human lab study

Therapy outcome studies

Single case experimental design

Animal studies

What do human lab studies offer?

Internal validity ( assures changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable)

Who receives the placebo?

Control group

Single case experimental designs include..

ABAB or reversal design and multiple baseline design

What are some limitations with animal studies?

Ethics and generalizability between animals and humans

Why do we do genetic studies (last ch 4 question)

Mostly used to find how genes factor into abnormal psychology. Things like heritability, twin studies (concordance rate), and adoption studies help us figure out the genetic relation to psychopathology

What does fight or flight activate and who controls those systems.

The hypothalamus controls these systems that are triggered during fight or flight, sympathetic system and adrenal cortical system

Are panic attacks cued or not cued?

They can be either or

What is anticipatory anxiety?

Anticipating another attack or another possible cue

Is heritability for panic disorder high or low?

Relatively high, 43-48% according to the book

What hormone shows a dysregulation in the locus coeruleus aiding possible panic attacks

Excitatory NT, norepinephrine

Cognitive factors to panic disorder?

They pay very close attention to their bodily sensation and misinterpret them in a negative way and engage in catastrophic thinking, exaggerating symptoms and their consequences (Aaron beck, Albert ellis)

Interoceptive awareness is?

Heightened awareness of bodily cues that signal a coming panic attack

I have been conditioned to certain stimuli and bodily cues that signal a new attack coming I have...

Interoceptive conditioning

What are biological treatments for panic disorders?

SSRIS, SNRIS, tricyclic antidepressants

Whats the issue with biological treatments for panic disorder?

Most people experience a relapse of symptoms when drug therapies are discontinued

Cognitive- Behavioral therapy offers what to people who suffer from panic disorders?

Aaron Beck

Relaxation and breathing exercises

Relaxation and breathing exercises while experiencing symptoms during the session

Challenging catastrophizing thoughts

Systematic desensitization therapy (graduated desensitization)

I have developed inappropriate and excessive distress when separated from my CAREGIVERS I have...

Separation Anxiety Disorder

What is the criteria for Separation anxiety disorder

Symptoms persist for at least 4 weeks

Significantly impair the child's functioning

Behavioral inhibition is a biological theory for Separation anxiety disorder it means..

Temperament makes children behave this way in other words the way you react in your environment effects your biology

What is GAD according to the DSM-5?

Persistent, uncontrollable worry about most things including minor everyday events.

What are the cognitive factors of GAD

Emotional and cognitive factors

Tendency to experience intense negative emotions

Show heightened reactivity to emotional stimuli in the amygdala

Make a number of maladaptive assumptions

Continuously scan the environment for possible threats often unconsciously

What are some biological factors of GAD

People with generalized anxiety disorder have a deficiency in GAMMA or GABA which then leads to excessive firing of neurons in many areas of the brain. Modest heritability

What are some cognitive behavioral treatments for GAD?

Confront most common worries

Challenge catastrophizing thoughts

Develop coping strategies

What are some biological treatments for GAD?

Benzos, Tricylic antidepressant and SSRIs

What gender is more likely to have social anxiety disorder?

Women

What is the cognitive perspective of social anxiety?

The person has extremely high standards for their social performance and tend to focus on the negative aspects of their performance.

What are treatments for social anxiety disorder biologically and through cognitive behavioral therapy

SSRIs, SNRIs, and identifying negative cognitions and learning how to remove them. Mindfulness based interventions are also used where you accept anxiety instead of using it to judge yourself

What are the 4 categories of phobias in the DSM 5?

Animal type

Natural environment type

Situational type

Blood injection injury type

I have a fear that I won't be able to escape or ask for help I suffer from _____ phobia...

Agoraphobia

How is negative reinforcement and conditioning a theory of phobias?

Reduction of anxiety ridden stimulus is reinforced by the avoidance of the feared object (ie. I'll just smoke the anxiety away..). Conditioning is when you've become conditioned to fear specific objects or situations

Thoughts are to _______ as Actions are to ______

Obsessions, compulsions

I have a huge accumulation of toilet paper and pizza causing cluster and I can't flush my toilets. I am a ______

Hoarder

Biological treatment for OCD disorders?

Antidepressants to enhance sterotonin

Cognitive behavioral treatments to OCD disorders?

Exposure and response prevention

I am constantly having _______ to the night I was assaulted. My therapist diagnosed me with ptsd.

The patient is having flashbacks

I just had a seizure and cant remember new..

Anterograde amnesia

I can't seem to remember anything from the past or my personal info like my birthday...

Retrograde amnesia

Hypochondriac is...

Illness anxiety disorder

I am experiencing physical symptoms but there is no organic cause! This is a...

Somatic disorder

I have PTSD which means I could develop a..

Somatic disorder such as illness anxiety

Psychodynamic therapies for somatic disorders will..

provide insight in the connection of emotional and physical symptoms (freudian)

Behavioral therapies for somatic disorders will..

Reward healthy behaviors and remove rewards related to symptoms (Thorndike and skinner)

Cognitive therapies for somatic disorders will..

Challenge catastrophizing and learn to interpret physical symptoms appropriately (Aaron Beck, Albert Ellis)

Functional Neurological symptom Disorder

Loss of neurologic functioning in a sensory or motor area of the body without physical cause. ie. Glove anesthesia

Functional Neurological symptom Disorder from a psychodynamic perspective is..

Psychic energy from repressed (strangulated affect) emotions is transferred to a part of the body

Primary gain - Physical symptoms allow person to avoid anxiety

VS

Secondary gain -Attention from others, relieved of obligations

I swear I have Tourette syndrome! Why do you think I am lying..

This patient has factitious disorder imposed on SELF

I swear my daughter has diabetes look at her teeth they're awful! Why do you think i'm lying

This person has factitious disorder imposed on ANOTHER in this case their daughter

Whats the 2 modes of consciousness that explains how dissociation occurs?

Active mode: : Conscious plans and desires and voluntary actions

Passive receptive mode: Registers and stores info in memory without being aware that the info has been processed

Hello I am Max! I had no idea I hit my friend last night it's not even in my memory one bit!.. Maybe it was Alex or emily? Those are my two alters that coexist in my body. Emily can get violent...

This patient has DID.

The patient has been diagnosed with other disorders such as bi polar and depression. They state that they have multiple personalities. Is it possible we diagnosis them with DID?

Yes many DID patients have been diagnosed with other disorders

What are some treatments for DID?

Intergrate all alters into ONE and help rebuild trust and establishment of healthy relationships

Inability to recall important autobiographical info, typically of a traumatic nature

Dissociative Amnesia

Previous name Rex: Rex has no recollection of his previous self and has moved to Oregon where he has started a new family and now goes by the name Tom. It is safe to say hes in a _____

Fuge state

To help Rex/Tom we will use psychotherapy which will..

help him identify the stressors leading to the fugue state and learn better coping skills

I feel like I'm watching myself in third person.. What disorder do I have?

Depresonalization/Derealization Disorder