Unit 5 Study Review

Stress

Physiological or psychological response to internal or external stressors 

• Types of stress: 

  • Acute stress (short duration) vs. chronic stress (long duration) 

  • Distress (unpleasant stress) vs. eustress (pleasant stress)

General Adaptation Syndrome

Process of experincing stress

Alarm Stage>Resistance Stage>Exhaustion Stage

Remember: Some things that give me GAS ARE

Tend and Befriend Theory

Behavioral response in humans

• Particularly among females

• Where reacting to stress involves either tending their own stress or turning to others

• Occurs more in women because oxycotin is produced during stress

• Less in men because aggressive tesosterone blocks the oxycotin

Adverse childhood experience

Sources of stress that can affect a person throughout the lifespan

Problem Focused Coping

Involves seeing stress as a problem to be solved and working through solutions until one is found

Emotion focused coping

Involves managing emotional reactions to stress as a means of coping

• Deep breathing

• meditation

• Taking medication

Clinical psychologist

Assess, diagnose and treat mental disorders with therapy and provide preventation strategies

• have a PH.D (Doctor of psychology)

• Aren’t medical doctors and cant perscribe medicine in most states

• Since no biological tests for mental disorders, they diagnose off of self reported symptoms and direct observation

Counseling Psychologist

Help people cope with life challenges such as stress, relationships and career rather than mental disorders

Psychiatrist

Asess, diagnose, treat mental disorders with medicine and provide prevention strategies

• Have a medical degree (MD) and prescribe medicine

Factors used to identify psychological disorders - 3 D’s

Deviation from social norms

• Homosexuality was a disorder until 1973 in the APA

Distress to yourself or others

• Despression or ASPD

Dysfunction level

• Behavior or thoughts that hinder the ability to adequately or appropriately adjust to an environment or situation

Comorbidity

Simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or a medical condition in a patient

Frequent ones

• Anxiety + Depression

• Hoarding + Generalized Anxiety

• PTSD + Substance us disorders

Diathesis-Stress Model

Explains how genes and invironment interact

• people have traits that will be inactive until activated by stress

Anxiety Disorders

Persistent anxiety typically lasing 6 or more moths that is excessive or out of proportion

• highly cormorbid

• often developed in childhood and persist if untreated

Specific phobia

Fear or anxiety toward specific object or situation

Acrophobia (heights) Arachnophobia (spiders)

Agoraphobia

Intense fear of social situations including using public transportation or being in enclosed or open spaces standing in a line or in a groud or being outside of home alone

Panic disorder

Unexpected panic attacks often

• can manifest from culture bound disorder - see: Ataque de nervios

Ataque de Nervios

Directly translating to “attack of nerves”

• Equivalent to a panic attack in Western

• Does not occur out of anxiety/fear

• Individual often experiences amnesia of the incident

• Occurs usually because stressful event of relative or losing loved one

Social anxiety disorder

fear of being judged or watched by others - see: Taijin Kyofusho

Taijin Kyofusho

Culture bound anxiety disorder experienced by mainly Japanese people

• Fear if others judging their bodies as offensive, undesirable of unpleasing

Generalized Anxiety Disorders (GAD)

Prolonged experiences of nonspecific anxiety or fear

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Disorder involving repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain rituals

• Time consuming - taking an hour or more of the day

• Also see: hoarding disorder

Obsessions

Part 1 of 2 OCD

Intrusivem persistent and unwanted thoughts

Compulsions

Part 2 of 2 OCD

intrusive, repetitve behavior that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession

Bipolar I

Includes maniac episodes and depressive episodes

Does not include: hypomaniac(mild mania)

Bipolar II

Includes: Hypomaniac episodes (mild mania) and depressive episodes

Does not include: maniac episodes

More likely to hold steady employment and healthy relationships

Maniac Episodes

Occuring in those with BPD

Persistently elevated, high energy, euphoric , impulsive, irrital mood and abnormally persistenly increased goal directed activity or energy lasting for over a week

Major depressive disorder

persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness and a loss of interest or pleasure in once enjorable activities

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Chronic form of depresssion that continues for 2 or more tears of 1 year in children

Trauma and stessor-related disorders

Exposure to traumatic or stressful event with subsequent psychological distress

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Disorder in which a person experiences fear and related symptoms for more than one month after a traumatic event

Dissociative Disorders

Characterized by dissociations from conciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control and behavior

Also see:

Dissociative amnesia

Dissociative fugue

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Dissociative Amnesia

Inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of traumatic or stressful nature

Dissociative Fugue

Dissociative amnesia and traveling to a new location

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Distruption of identity by 2 or more distinct personality states

recurrent gaps in the recall of everyday events

• highly controversial

• comorbid with PTSD, subtance, depressive and anxiety disorders

• more common in women

• usually emerge from childhood abuse and neglect

• dissociation is thought to be a coping or defense mechanism

Core personality

Part of DID

The persons usual personality

Alternate Personalities or “alters”

Part of DID

• can have their own name, species, gender, etc

Switching

Part of DID

Transition from one subpersonality to another

Personality

a persons consistent and enduring patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving

Personality disorder

Characterized by enduring patterns of internal experience and behavior that is different from ones culture

Cluster A - odd or eccentric cluster

Paranoid personality disorder

Schizoid personality disorder

Schizotypal personality disorder

Cluster B - dramatic, emotional or erratic cluster

Antisocial personality disorder

Borderline personality disorder

Histronic personality disorder

Narcissistic personality disorder

Cluster C - anxious or fearful cluster

Avoidant personality disorder

Dependent personality disorder

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

Paranoid personality disorder

Distrusst and suspiciousness of others thinking that their motives are interpreted as hostile

Schizoid personality disorder

Pervasive pattern of detatchment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal relationship

• Limit or no enjoyment of close relationships

Schizotypal personality disorder

pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort

• Odd beliefs or magical thinking

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Pervasive pattern of disregarding the rights of others

• also called psychopaths or sociopaths

• Must be 18 years old to receive diagnosis

• shows no conscience or guilt for causing pain, damage or loss to others

• more common in men!

Borderline Personality Disorder

pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self image and affects

• frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment

• impulsive in 2 or more areas that are potentially self damaging

• more commonly diagnosed in females

Histronic personality disorder

pervasive pattern of excessive emotion and attention seeking

• uncomfortable when they aren’t center of attention

• often behaving in inappropriate sexually seductive or proactive behavior

• style of speech which is impressionistic but lacking in detail, exaggeration

• more commonly diagnosed in women

Narcissistic personality disorder

Pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration and lack of empathy

• High sense of self importance

• preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power etc

• believes they are special and can only associate with other high status

• sense of entitlement

• lacks empathy

• mostly diagnosed in men

Avoidant personality disorder

pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

• avoids occupational acitvities

• unwilling to get involved with people unless they are certain they are liked

• views self as socially inept

dependent personality disorder

pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of

• very clingy and submissive

• needs lots of advice and reassurance from others

• has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on his/herown

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCD)

Pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfection and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility

• can be kleptomaniacs

• devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure

Schizophrenia

Emerges in late teens and mid 20s

Chronic mental health condition characterized by disruption thought process, perceptions emotions and social interaction

Symptoms of Schizophrenia - Positive

Abnormal solutions which are in excesses of/or bizarre additions to normal thoughts, emotions or behaviors

Symptoms of Schizophrenia - Negative

Symptoms of schizophrenia that seem to be deficits in normal thoughts, emotions or behaviors

Symptoms of Schizophrenia - Psychomotor

Catatonia

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

• Hallucinations

• Disorganized speech

• Loose association or derailment

• Clang or Rhyme

• Seriously flawed logic

• Word salad

• Disorganized behavior and affect

• Inappropriate affect

Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

Alogia

Avolition

Flat affect

social isolation

Dopamine Hypothesis

Schizophrenia is related to excess dopamine activity in the brain

Tardive dyskinesia

Chronic movement disorder occuring from long term use of certain medications

Alogia

Negative Symptom of schizophrenia

Decrease in speech or speech content

Avolition

Negative symptom of schizophrenia

Lack of motivation

Flat affect

a marked lack of apparent emotions

• reflect in inability to expresss emotions as others do

Catatonia

Disordered movement found in 10% of people with schizophrenia

• Catatonic excitement

• Catatonic stupor

• Catatonia rigidity

• Catatonic posturing