INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

SODIUM ACETATE

Diuretic

Antacid

Alkalinizing agent in Benedict’s solution

SODIUM BICARBONATE

Baking soda

Antacid

SODIUM BISULFATE

Antioxidant

SODIUM CHLORIDE

Table salt/ Rock salt

Condiment

Oral rehydrating salt

SODIUM BIPHOSPHATE

Fleet enema - Stool softener - Urinary acidifier for cystitis

SODIUM CARBONATE

Anhydrous”- Soda ash - “Dihydrate”- Trona - “Decahydrate”- Sal soda, Washing soda, Soda crystals - Antacid

SODIUM FLUORIDE

Anticariogenic Agent (2%)

SODIUM HYDROXIDE

Caustic soda - Sosa - Lye - Saponifying Agent (Soap making)

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE

Dakin’s Solution - Chlorox - Disinfectant - Bleaching agent

SODIUM IODIDE

Expectorant - Iodine solubilizer

SODIUM NITRATE

Vasodilator - Antidote for Cyanide poisoning - Food preservative

SODIUM THIOSULFATE

Photographer's hypo - Together with sodium nitrate, it acts as an antidote to cyanide poisoning

SODIUM TARTRATE

Used in the standardization of Karl Fischer reagent

SODIUM SULFATE (DECAHYDRATE)

Glauber’s salt - Cathartic

POTASSIUM

predominant intracellular cation - involved in smooth muscle contraction - negative inotropic effect on heart

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

Ringer’s Solution - Darrow’s Solution - Electrolyte replenisher

POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE

Mineral Chameleon - Volume solution and indicator of permanganometry - Antidote for strychnine poisoning

POTASSIUM BITARTRATE

Cream of tartar - Creamor - Only insoluble salt of potassium

POTASSIUM CHLORATE

Component of toothpaste, gargles and mouthwashes due to its cooling, cleaning, and deodorant reaction

SULFATED POTASH

Liver of sulfur - Mixture of Potassium polysulfide and Potassium thiosulfate - Used in the preparation of white lotion (Lotio Alba, Lotio Sulfurata)

CESIUM

Catalyst in the polymerization of resin-forming materials - Discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff - Spectrum of mineral water

CESIUM CHLORIDE

Density gradient centrifugation for the separation of resin

AMMONIUM ION

Preparation: Haber-Bosch process and Haber process - Hypothetical Alkali Metal

AMMONIUM BROMIDE

Component of five bromides elixir and three bromides elixir

AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

“Muriate of Hartshorn" - Sal ammoniac - Salmiac - Buffer for zinc analysis (Complexation)

STRONG AMMONIA SOLUTION

"Stronger Ammonia Water" - "Spirit of Hartshorn" - Contains 27-31% Ammonia - Used primarily in making ammonia water - Ingredient of aromatic spirit of ammonia

COPPER

Only reddish-colored metal - 3rd most malleable - 3rd best conductor of electricity - salts are blue in color - occurs in the respiratory pigment hemocyanin and cytochrome oxidase - protein precipitant - enhances absorption of Fe

THE ALLOYS OF COPPER

BRONZE Cu + Sn + Zn

BRASS Cu + Zn

GUN METAL Cu + Sn

STERLING Cu + Ag

DEVARDA’S ALLOY Cu + Al + Zn

WILSON’S DISEASE

Copper toxicity

S/S ● hepatic cirrhosis ● jaundice bloating ● brain damage ● demyelination ● kidney defects

DOC: Penicillamine (Cuprimine)

COPPER SULFATE (PENTAHYDRATE)

Blue Vitriol

Blue stone

Ingredient in: ● Benedict’s Solution ● Fehling’s Solution ● Barfoed’s Reagent ● Bordeaux Mixture

Antidote for Phosphorus Poisoning ● Copper sulfate ● Calcium oxide ● Water

BASIC COPPER ACETATE

Verdigris - Use as pink pigment

SILVER

Has oligodynamic reaction

Can inhibit microorganisms in small concentration

ARGYRIA

Silver toxicity

DOC: ● NSS ● Sodium thiosulfate ● Potassium ferricyanide

AMMONIATED SILVER NITRATE

Howe’s Solution - One of the components of Tollen’s Reagent

ARGYROL

- Mild silver protein - 19-25% - Antiseptic for the eyes - Treatment of vaginitis

PROTARGOL

- Strong silver protein - 7.5 - 8.5% - Potent germicide for ears, throat, and bladder

COLLARGOL

- Colloidal silver protein - 18 - 22% - Mild antiseptic - 2% irrigate sinus - 50% female genital tract antiseptic

GOLD

- King of all metals - Most malleable - Most Ductile - Best conductor of electricity - Soluble only in AQUA REGIA and SELENIC ACID

AQUA REGIA

AQUA REGIA 1 HNO3 : 3 HCL

AUROTHIOGLUCOSE (IM)

- BN: Solganal - IND: ● Rheumatoid arthritis ● Gout

GOLD SODIUM THIOMALATE (IM)

- BN: Miochrysine - IND: ● Rheumatoid arthritis ● Gout ● SLE

AURANOFIN (PO)

- BN: ridAURA - Main S/E: ● Glossitis

BERYLLIUM

- Most toxic metal - Use in fluorescent lights - Toxicity: Berylliosis

MAGNESIUM

- 2nd most abundant intracellular cation

- Metal present in chlorophyll

- component of Grignard reagent

- THERAPEUTIC USES:

● insoluble compounds= gastric antacids

● SO4 compound= anticonvulsant

● conc SO4 = topical anti-inflammatory

● Stearate= lubricant

HYPERMAGNESEMIA

- Magnesium toxicity - Antidote: Calcium gluconate

MAGNESIUM OXIDE

- "Calcined magnesia"

- "Magnesia"

- "Light magnesia"

- Component of the universal antidote: ● Magnesium oxide ● Activated charcoal ● Tannic acid

MAGNESIUM SULFATE

- Epsom salt - PO: Laxative - IM: Anticonvulsant - Antidote in Barium and Barbiturate toxicity

HYDRATED MAGNESIUM SILICATE

- "Talc" - "Soapstone" - "French chalk" - Softest mineral known

CALCIUM

- 2nd most abundant extracellular - cation cation of hydroxyapatite - Vitamin D is need for its absorption

- Natural sources: ● Dolomite ● Fluorite ● Gypsum (selenite or Calcium sulfate) ● Phosphate rock

CALCIUM SULFATE

- Plaster of Paris - Gypsum - Diluent in the manufacture of compressed tablets used to manufacture dental impressions and surgical casts

CALCIUM DISODIUM VERSENATE

- May be used in the treatment of Lead poisoning

BARITOSIS

- Barium toxicity - Antidote: Epsom salt

ZINC

- Metal present in insulin - Deficiency: Parakeratosis - Toxicity: Metal Fume Fever - Antidote: Sodium Bicarbonate

ZINC OXIDE

- Lassar's Paste, Zinc White - Flower of Zinc, Lanaa Philosophica - Pompholyx - Component of Calamine, Lasaar’s Plain Zinc Paste, Lasaar’s Plain Zinc Paste with Salicylic Acid

ZINC PEROXIDE

- Liberates nascent oxygen

ZINC SULFIDE

- White sulfide - Major component of white sulfide - The only white sulfide

ITAI-ITAI DISEASE

- Cadmium toxicity - Antidote: British Anti-lewisite

CADMIUM CHLORIDE

Treatment of Tinea infections

CADMIUM SULFIDE

- yellow sulfide - anti-seborrheic - Capsebon

CADMIUM SULFATE

ophthalmic antiseptic

MERCURY

- "Hydrargyrum, Quicksilver, Liquid Silver" - Natural source: Cinnabar - Present in thermometers and amalgams

MINAMATA DISEASE

- Mercury toxicity

- Antidote: ● Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate ● BAL ● Penicillamine

MERCURIC POTASSIUM IODIDE

Antidote of alkaloid poisoning through precipitating effect

BORON

- Vulcanizing rubber - Appears only in the +3 oxidation state

BOILED LOBSTER APPEARANCE

Boron Poisoning

BORIC ACID

- Aka “Sal sedativum hombergi’ - 2% solution as an eyewash

SODIUM TETRABORATE

- Aka “Borax”

- Alternative to gold extraction

- Dobell’s Solution ● Aqueous solution of borax ● Antiseptic eye wash and wet dressing for wound

ALUMINUM

- Aka “Ladd’s paste”

- Most abundant of all metals

- 3rd most abundant element

- Source: Cryolite

- Pharmaceutical Use: ● Gastric antacid (S/E: constipation) ● Antiperspirant, deodorant ● Antiseptic

SHAVER’S DISEASE

Aluminum poisoning

ALUM

- Aka “Alumina”

- Types: ● Ammonium and Potassium

- Treatment of silicosis

GALLIUM

Exhibits the “beating heart”

- Txt in Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, bladder cancer and cancer-related hypercalcemia

THALLIUM

It is a soft, heavy, inelastic metal. Thallium is tasteless and odorless and has been used by murderers as a difficult-to-detect poison.

Thallium Poisoning

GREEN TONGUE AND ALOPECIA

CARBON

Crystalline: diamond and graphite and Amorphous

CARBON DIOXIDE

210 times affinity to hemoglobin

- Death is due to asphyxia

- Tx: ● 100% oxygen ● Oxygen-helium mixture or hyperbaric oxygen

SILICON

used in construction materials, making transistors, in computer chips and solar cells, as waterproofing systems as silicones.

SILICOSIS

Tx: Inhalation of Aluminum oxide dust

PURIFIED SILICEOUS EARTH

- “Diatomaceous Earth” - “Purified Kieselguhr” - “Infusorial Earth” - DISTRIBUTING AND FILTERING MEDIUM

KAOLIN

- “Hydrated Aluminum Silicate” (native) - CLARIFYING AGENT - INTESTINAL ADSORBENT AND PROTECTIVE

ATTAPULGITE

- “Polymagma” - Brand Name: Diatabs - Quintess - ADSORBENT FOR DIARRHEA

LAYER SILICATES

- Talc - Glass = Na2CO3 or CaCO3 with pure silica

- Simethicone ● Brand name: Disflatyl, Kremil-S, Mylanta

TIN

- Used in the manufacture of cans and utensils - Germicidal effect against Staphylococci - Treatment of acne, furunculosis

ALLOYS OF TIN

- PEWTER: 80% Tin + 20% Pb

- GUN METAL: 10% Tin + 90% Cu

- ROSE METAL: 25% Tin + 25% Pb + 50% Bi

- SOLDER: 50% Tin + 50% Pb

STANNOUS FLUORIDE

Crest toothpaste - ANTICARIOGENIC 8% SOLUTION: Must be freshly prepared because it can be easily oxidized

STANNOUS OXIDE

- “Cassiterite” - 5% OINTMENT = GERMICIDAL FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTIONS

STANNOUS SULFIDE

- “Artificial Gold” - Bright Yellow Precipitate

LEAD

A soft, silvery white or grayish metal

PLUMBISM

- LEAD TOXICITY

- Lead accumulates easily in GIT and broken skin

- ANTIDOTE: ● Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) ● British Anti-Lewisite ● Succimer

LEAD ACETATE

- “Sugar of Lead” - Used to prepare other lead compounds - Astringent

LEAD SUBACETATE

- “Goulard’s Extract” - Used to prepare Goulard’s cerate - Astringent

LEAD OXIDE

- “Litharge” - Used to prepare lead subacetate solution

TITANIUM

- Opacifying agent in capsules - Also used in contact lenses - Solar ray protection in sunblock and suntan lotion

ZIRCONIUM CHLORIDE

Antiperspirant

ZIRCONIUM CARBONATE/ ZIRCONIUM OXIDE

Used to treat athlete’s foot

NITROGEN

- “W/o life” - “Azote” - Mephitic air - Colorless, odorless, tasteless, INERT GAS - Most abundant gas in air (71%) - Most stable among the diatomic molecule

NITROUS OXIDE

- “Laughing gas” - Stored in blue container - General anesthetic (Via inhalation) - S/E: Hypoxia

NITRATES AND NITRITES

Used as preservatives, but are carcinogenic because they react with free radicals

PHOSPHOROUS

“Light carrier”

“St. Elmo’s fire”

WHITE/YELLOW PHOSPHORUS

Toxic - Antidote: Copper

RED PHOSPHOROUS

Non-toxic - Allotropes: ● Scarlet Phosphorus ● Violet Phosphorus ● Metallic or Black Phosphorus ● Red Phosphorous