UNIT 2- Vocab

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Anabolism

Building up molecules (requires energy).

Catabolism

Breaking down molecules (releases energy).

Enzyme-substrate complex

When an enzyme and a substrate are attached.

Activation energy (EA)

Energy needed to start a reaction.

Exergonic reaction

Reaction that releases energy.

Endergonic reaction

Reaction that requires energy.

Gibbs Free Energy (G)

Usable energy in a system.

Entropy

Measure of disorder or randomness.

Thermodynamics (First and Second Laws)

Rules about energy transfer and transformation.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Main energy currency in cells.

NAD+/NADH

Molecules that carry electrons for energy reactions.

NADP+/NADPH

Similar to NAD+/NADH but used in photosynthesis.

Active Transport

Movement of molecules against a gradient (requires energy).

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of molecules through a protein channel without energy.

Symport

Two substances move in the same direction across a membrane.

Antiport

Two substances move in opposite directions across a membrane.

Uniport

A single substance moves across a membrane.

Aquaporins

Channels that allow water to pass through the cell membrane.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a membrane.

Hypertonic

Solution with higher solute concentration.

Hypotonic

Solution with lower solute concentration.

Isotonic

Solution with equal solute concentration.

Osmotic Pressure

Pressure caused by water moving across a membrane.

Cholesterol in Membranes

Molecules that keep cell membranes flexible.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Description of the cell membrane's flexible structure.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Double layer of lipids that make up cell membranes.

Integral Proteins

Proteins embedded in the cell membrane.

Peripheral Proteins

Proteins attached to the surface of the cell membrane.

Membrane Permeability

Ability of substances to pass through the membrane.

Selective Permeability

Only certain substances can pass through the membrane.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Protein that pumps sodium out and potassium into the cell.

Chemiosmosis

Process of making ATP using a proton gradient.

Non-cyclic Photophosphorylation

Process that uses light to make ATP and NADPH.

Calvin Cycle

Process in plants that uses carbon dioxide to make glucose.

Rubisco

Enzyme that helps capture carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle.

Carbon Fixation

Attaching carbon dioxide to make a sugar.

Light-Dependent Reactions

First stage of photosynthesis, uses light to make energy.

Photosystem II

First step in photosynthesis, captures light energy.

Photosystem I

Second step in photosynthesis, captures more light energy.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Series of proteins that pass electrons to create energy.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that captures light energy.

Chloroplast

Organelle in plants where photosynthesis happens.

Stroma

Liquid inside chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle happens.

Thylakoid Membrane

Membranes inside chloroplasts where light reactions occur.

Granum

Stacks of thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast.

Microtubules

Part of the cell's skeleton that helps with movement and structure.

Microfilaments

Thin fibers in the cell that help with movement.

Intermediate Filaments

Fibers in the cell that provide support and strength.

Actin

Protein that makes up microfilaments.

Myosin

Protein that interacts with actin for muscle movement.

Cytoskeleton

Network of proteins that gives the cell its shape.

Cilia

Small hair-like structures on cells for movement.

Flagella

Long tail-like structures that help cells move.

Kinesin

Protein that helps move things inside the cell.

Dynein

Protein that helps cilia and flagella move.

Fibronectin

Protein that helps cells stick to the extracellular matrix.

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Network outside cells that provides structure and support.

Basal Body

Structure that anchors cilia and flagella to the cell.

Mitochondria

Organelle that produces energy for the cell.

Coenzyme

Molecule that helps enzymes work.

Cofactor

Non-protein helper needed for enzyme activity.

Allosteric Inhibition

When a molecule binds to an enzyme and reduces its activity.

Feedback Inhibition

When a product stops its own production by blocking an enzyme in its pathway