Chp_12_Social_Psychology_FA24_Student__1_

Stereotypes

Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group.

Illusory Correlation

A misperception where people believe they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they actually have.

Attributions

Inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others’ behavior, and their own behavior.

Internal Attributions

Explanations that ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and feelings.

External Attributions

Explanations that ascribe the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental constraints.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overestimate internal characteristics of others while underestimating situational influences.

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to attribute successes to internal factors and failures to situational factors.

Physical Attractiveness

A major determinant of initial attraction, related to the matching hypothesis.

Proximity

The principle that repeated exposure increases liking, unless it involves a negative stimulus.

Similarity

Sharing values, beliefs, attitudes, and opinions, which is a key factor in maintaining relationships.

Reciprocity

Doing for others at the same level of giving that you receive, enhancing mutual appreciation.

Attachment Styles

Patterns of attachment in adulthood, influenced by early experiences in infancy.

Intimacy

Feeling close and connected to someone through sharing and communication.

Passion

Physical attraction and arousal towards another person.

Commitment

A pledge to maintain a relationship, characterized by loyalty and dedication.

Prejudice

A preconceived attitude towards a specific group of people leading to discrimination.

Explicit Attitudes

Conscious attitudes that are readily described.

Implicit Attitudes

Covert attitudes expressed through subtle, automatic responses.

Conformity

Changing behavior due to real or imagined group pressure.

Normative Social Influence

Conformity driven by the need for approval and acceptance.

Obedience

Following direct commands from authority figures.

Deindividuation

A state where individuals feel less self-conscious and less personally responsible in groups.

Groupthink

Faulty decision making when a cohesive group strives for agreement and avoids inconsistent information.

Social Facilitation

Improvement in performance on tasks one is good at when in the presence of others.

Social Loafing

Tendency for individuals to reduce effort when working in groups.

Bystander Effect

Feeling inhibited from taking action due to the presence of others.

Diffusion of Responsibility

Dilution of personal responsibility when others are present in a group.

Altruism

Selfless actions designed to help others without obvious benefit to oneself.

Reciprocity Norm

The rule that suggests we should repay in kind what others have provided.