Ceutics Exam III

Select all categories of particle sizing methods. (3)

 

ensemble methods

 

counting methods

 

separation methods

 

microscopic methods

ensemble methods

 

counting methods

 

separation methods

Porosity can be calculated using ___ volumes. (2)

 

true

 

granule

 

bulk

true

bulk

True or false: Granules are larger multi-particle entities that ideally have similar composition of particles.

True

Andreasen pipette is used in ___ experiments. (1)

 

microscopy

 

sieving

 

sedimentation

 

dynamic light scattering

sedimentation

True or false: Cubic packing has larger porosity and void than rhombohedral packing.

True

Density is the ratio of the mass and volume. When calculating granule density, the volume includes ___ . (2)

 

the volume of the inter-particle spaces

 

the volume of the pores

 

the volume of the solid material

the volume of the pores

 

the volume of the solid material

Void can be calculated using ___ volumes. (2)

 

bulk

 

granule

 

true

bulk

true

True or false: Trituration is the process of grinding a dry powder using the mortar and pestle.

 

True

In the normal distribution, the mode diameter is equal to ___ . (1)

 

the mean diameter + 2×standard deviation

 

the mean diameter

 

the mean diameter - standard deviation

 

the mean parameter - 2×standard deviation

 

the mean diameter + standard deviation

the mean diameter

The mode particle diameter is ___ . (1)

 

the sum of the diameters of all particles divided by the number of particles

 

the diameter that is most frequently occurring in the sample

 

the distance that is larger than the diameters of 50% of all particles

the diameter that is most frequently occurring in the sample

The median particle diameter is ___ . (1)

 

the sum of the diameters of all particles divided by the number of particles

 

the diameter that is most frequently occurring in the sample

 

the distance that is smaller than the diameters of 50% of all particles

the distance that is smaller than the diameters of 50% of all particles

Select the particle sizing methods that can analyze particles with millimeter dimensions. (1)

 

dynamic light scattering

 

sedimentation

 

microscopy

 

sieving

sieving

From the microscopy measurements, the average diameter of particles is calculated as the sum of the fractions counted in individual size groups and ___ of the size group. (1)

 

the upper limit

 

the lower limit

 

the sum of the lower limit and the upper limit

 

the mean size

the mean size

Particle size distribution is the histogram that shows ___ of particles found in each size range. (1)

 

the volume

 

the weight

 

the percentage

 

the number

the number

The quantity d₉₀ is the particle size that is ___ that of 90% of the particles. (1)

 

equal to

 

smaller than

 

larger than

larger than

true or false: The larger the angle of repose, the better flow.

false

Density is the ratio of the mass and volume. When calculating granule density, the volume includes ___ . (2)

 

the volume of the inter-particle spaces

 

the volume of the pores

 

the volume of the solid material

the volume of the pores

 

the volume of the solid material

The mean particle diameter is ___ . (1)

 

the diameter that is most frequently occurring in the sample

 

the sum of the diameters of all particles divided by the number of particles

 

the distance that is larger than the diameters of 50% of all particles

the sum of the diameters of all particles divided by the number of particles

Insufflators are used for the delivery of medicated powders to ___ . (3)

 

throat

 

lungs

 

ear

 

nose

ear

nose

throat

Geometric dilution method means that the diluent is added step-wise in the following multiples of volume: (1)

 

1, 3, 5, 7

 

1, 2, 4, 8

 

1, 2, 1, 2

 

1, 2, 3, 4

1, 2, 4, 8

true or false: The larger the sieve number, the smaller the size of the openings.

true

According to the Stokes' equation, the sedimentation rate ___ the difference in the densities of the particles and the liquid medium. (1)

 

is inversely proportional to

 

depends in a nonlinear way on

 

is proportional to

 

does not depend on

is proportional to

Sort the densities in the order of increasing magnitude (the largest density is the last in the list).

bulk density

true density

granule density

1. true density

2. granule density

3. bulk density

true or false: Levigation is the process of grinding a dry powder using the mortar and pestle.

false

Void is the fraction of the total sample volume that includes ___ . (2)

 

the volume of the pores

 

the volume of the inter-particle spaces

the volume of the solid material

the volume of the pores

 

the volume of the inter-particle spaces

Porosity is the percentage of the total sample volume that includes ___ . (2)

 

the volume of the solid material

 

the volume of the pores

 

the volume of the inter-particle spaces

the volume of the pores

 

the volume of the inter-particle spaces

Sieving belongs to ___ methods of particle sizing. (1)

 

ensemble

 

counting

 

separation

separation

Microscopy belongs to ___ methods of particle sizing. (1)

 

counting

 

ensemble

 

separation

counting

Dry powder inhalers are used for the delivery to ___ .

(1) 

throat

 

nose

 

lungs

 

ear

lungs

Dynamic light scattering belongs to ___ methods of particle sizing. (1)

 

separation

 

ensemble

 

counting

ensemble

In the Gaussian distribution, ___ of particles are found in the interval <mean - standard deviation; mean + standard deviation>. (1)

 

68%

 

95%

 

50%

 

90%

68%

According to the Stokes' equation, the sedimentation rate ___ viscosity of the medium. (1)

 

depends in a nonlinear way on

 

is proportional to

 

does not depend on

 

is inversely proportional to

is inversely proportional to

The quantity d₁₀ is the particle size that is ___ that of 10% of the particles. (1)

 

larger than

 

equal to

 

smaller than

larger than

From the sieving measurements, the average diameter of particles is calculated as the sum of the fractions retained at individual sieves and ___ openings. (1)

 

the diameter of retaining

 

the larger of the diameters of passed and retaining

 

the mean diameter of passed and retaining

 

the diameter of passed

the mean diameter of passed and retaining

Density is the ratio of the mass and volume. When calculating true density, the volume includes ___ . (1)

 

the volume of the solid material

 

the volume of the inter-particle spaces

 

the volume of the pores

the volume of the solid material

The science and technology of small particles is called ___ . (1)

 

granulation

 

micromeritics

 

microscopy

 

rheology

micromeritics

Transmission electron microscopy can characterize particles from LOWER LIMIT to UPPER LIMIT.

Lower limit:

upper limit:

• 100 nanometers

• 50 nanometers

• 10 nanometers

• 100 micrometers

• 500 micrometers

• 1 micrometer

• 1 millimeter or more

Lower limit: 1 nanometer

Upper limit: 50 nanometers

Powders for reconstitution are used for drugs that are ___ . (1)

 

instable in solution

 

having narrow therapeutic window

 

potent

 

volatile

instable in solution

Select the particle sizing method(s) with the lowest resolution and accuracy. (1)

 

dynamic light scattering

 

sieving

 

microscopy

 

sedimentation

sieving

Particle frequency distribution is the histogram that shows ___ of particles found in each size range. (1)

 

the weight

 

the volume

 

the percentage

 

the number

the percentage

In the Gaussian distribution, ___ of particles are found in the interval <mean - 2×standard deviation; mean + 2×standard deviation>. (1)

 

95%

 

90%

 

50%

 

68%

95%

Select the particle sizing methods that can analyze particles with millimeter dimensions. (1)

 

microscopy

 

dynamic light scattering

 

sieving

 

sedimentation

sieving

Scanning electron microscopy can characterize particles from LOWER LIMIT to UPPER LIMIT.

Lower limit:

Upper limit:

• 1 nanometer

• 100 nanometers

• one millimeter or more

• 1 micrometer

• 10 nanometers

• 100 micrometers

Lower limit: 50 nanometers

Upper limit: 500 micrometers

Dynamic light scattering belongs to ___ methods of particle sizing. (1)

 

separation

 

ensemble

 

counting

ensemble

Select all low-cost particle sizing methods. (2)

 

sedimentation

 

sieving

 

dynamic light scattering

 

microscopy

sedimentation

sieving

True or false: The larger the Carr's index, the better flow.

False

Light microscopy can characterize particles from LOWER LIMIT to UPPER LIMIT.

Lower limit:

Upper limit:

• 1 nanometer

• 500 micrometers

• 100 micrometers

• 10 nanometers

• 50 nanometers

• 100 nanometers

• one millimeter or more

lower limit: 1 micrometer

upper limit: one millimeter or more

Void can be calculated using ___ densities. (2)

 

true

 

bulk

 

granule

true

bulk

Light microscopy can characterize particles from LOWER LIMIT to UPPER LIMIT.

lower limit:

upper limit:

• 100 micrometers

• 1 nanometer

• 50 nanometers

• 10 nanometers

• 500 micrometers

• 100 nanometers

• one millimeter or more

lower limit: 1 micrometer

upper limit: one milliliter or more

n the normal distribution, the mode diameter is equal to ___ . (1)

 

the mean diameter + 2×standard deviation

 

the mean diameter + standard deviation

 

the mean diameter

 

the mean diameter - standard deviation

 

the mean parameter - 2×standard deviation

the mean diameter - standard deviation

According to the Stokes' equation, the sedimentation rate ___ the square of the diameter of the particles. (1)

 

does not depend on

 

depends in a nonlinear way on

 

is inversely proportional to

 

is proportional to

is proportional to

porosity can be calculated using ___ densities.

 

bulk

 

granule

 

true

bulk

true

In the normal distribution, the median diameter is equal to ___ . (1)

 

the mean diameter

 

the mean diameter - standard deviation

 

the mean diameter + standard deviation

 

the mean parameter - 2×standard deviation

 

the mean diameter + 2×standard deviation

the mean diameter

Void is the fraction of the total sample volume that includes ___ . (2)

 

the volume of the pores

 

the volume of the solid material

 

the volume of the inter-particle spaces

the volume of the pores

the volume of the inter-particle spaces

Density is the ratio of the mass and volume. When calculating bulk density, the volume includes ___ . (3)

the volume of the pores

the volume of the inter-particle spaces

the volume of the solid material

the volume of the pores

the volume of the inter-particle spaces

the volume of the solid material

Select all main uses of capsules. (3)

 

as tamper-resistant dosage form

 

extemporaneous compounding

 

for drugs and formulations with poor compression properties

 

a cheap alternative to tablets

 

drug supplies for Phase I and II trials

extemporaneous compounding

for drugs and formulations with poor compression properties

drug supplies for phase I and II trials

HPMC is a derivative of ___ . (1)

 

starch

 

gelatin

 

fatty acids

 

cellulose

cellulose

Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) is used as ___ in tablet production. (3)

 

lubricant

 

disintegrant

 

glidant

 

binder

 

diluent

disintegrant

binder

diluent

Calcium stearate is used as ___ in tablet production. (1)

 

lubricant

 

glidant

 

disintegrant

 

binder

 

diluent

lubricant

Select the tablet production process that uses granulating fluid. (1)

 

wet granulation

 

dry granulation

 

direct compression

wet granulation

The largest size of gelatin capsules for human use is marked ___ . (1)

 

1

 

5

 

3

 

000

000

Methylcellulose is used as ___ in dry granulation. (1)

 

disintegrant

 

diluent

 

glidant

 

binder

 

lubricant

binder

Mannitol is used as ___ in tablet production. (1)

 

binder

 

diluent

 

glidant

 

disintegrant

 

lubricant

diluent

Pre-compression force is used to ___ . (3)

 

remove air

 

prepare compression-coated tablets

 

form a loose compact

 

decrease lamination and capping

remove air

form a loose compact

decrease lamination and capping

Hydroxymethyl cellulose is used as ___ in dry granulation. (1)

 

lubricant

 

diluent

 

glidant

 

disintegrant

 

binder

binder

High-dose drugs can cause problems ___ , when formulated into tablets. (1)

 

by affecting compressibility

 

with content uniformity

 

by affecting stability of excipients

 

by causing segregation of the components

by affecting compressibility

Select the tablet characteristics that have a maximum in the dependence on the compression force (2)

 

hardness

 

density

 

friability

 

thickness

 

dissolution rate

 

disintegration time

hardness

friability

Cellulose acetate phthalate enteric coating dissolves at pH ___ . (1)

 

7

 

4

 

6

 

5

6

Problems caused by poor powder flow during the tablet production process include ___ . (3)

 

chemical stability of the drug

 

high hardness variability

 

high weight variability

 

poor uniformity of the dose

high hardness variability

high weight variability

poor uniformity of the dose

Calcium lauryl sulfate is used as ___ in tablet production. (1)

 

diluent

 

glidant

 

lubricant

 

binder

 

disintegrant

lubricant

The USP limit for friability is ___ of the tablet weight powdered by tumbling for 4 minutes at 25 rounds per minute. (1)

 

0.1%

 

0.5%

 

1.0%

 

2.0%

1.0%

Capsules are sealed by ___ . (3)

 

locking

 

band of starch

 

band of gelatin

 

heat welding

locking

band of gelatin

heat welding

Glucose syrup is used as ___ in wet granulation. (1)

 

disintegrant

 

diluent

 

glidant

 

lubricant

 

binder

binder

A tablet is a solid, compressed or molded formulation of a drug and excipients that ___ . Select all applicable attributes. (3)

 

can be manufactured on a commercial scale

 

is only used orally

 

can be easily taken by the patient

 

delivers the dose in a reproducible, accurate manner

can be manufactured on a commercial scale

can be easily taken by the patient

delivers the dose in a reproducible, accurate manner

Select the simplest tablet production process. (1)

 

wet granulation

 

direct compression

 

dry granulation

direct compression

Gelatin can absorb water equal to ___-times its weight. (1)

 

5

 

2

 

20

 

10

10

Ethylcellulose is used as ___ in thin film coating production. (1)

 

binder

 

lubricant

 

disintegrant

 

film-forming component

 

diluent

film-forming component

Gelatin for soft capsules contains ___ . (2)

 

plasticizer

 

more water than gelatin for hard capsules

 

PEG6000

 

PEG3350

plasticizer

 

more water than gelatin for hard capsule

Glidants have the primary purpose of ___ . (1)

 

facilitating particle-particle adhesion in the tablet

 

increasing the volume of the tablet

 

preventing the tablet from sticking to the machinery during production

 

breaking-up the the tablet upon contact with water

 

improving the flow properties of the blend in the production process

improving the flow properties of the blend in the production process

Biopharmaceutics Classification System classifies the APIs into four categories based on ___ . (2)

 

lipophilicity

 

amphiphilicity

 

solubility

 

permeability

solubility

 

permeability

Duration of the USP dissolution testing experiments is ___ . (1)

 

60 minutes or until 50% of the dose is dissolved

 

120 min or until 90% of the dose is dissolved

 

30 minutes or unitl 40% of the dose is dissolved

 

180 minutes or until 99% of the dose is dissolved

120 min or until 90% of the dose is dissolved

The most frequently used tablets are ___ tablets. (1)

 

modified-release

 

effervescent

 

immediate-release

 

chewable

immediate-release

Polyvinyl acetate phthalate enteric coating dissolves at pH ___ . (1)

 

5

 

7

 

6

 

4

5

Sodium starch glycolate (Explotab) is used as ___ in tablet production. (1)

 

glidant

 

diluent

 

binder

 

disintegrant

 

lubricant

disintegrant

Osmotic pump action can be produced by ___ . (1)

 

other granulation coating

 

enteric coating

 

thin film coating

 

cellulose acetate coating with laser-drilled holes

cellulose acetate coating with laser-drilled holes

Colloidal silica is used as ___ in tablet production. (1)

 

diluent

 

disintegrant

 

binder

 

lubricant

 

glidant

glidant

Binders or adhesives have the primary purpose of ___ . (1)

 

increasing the volume of the tablet

 

preventing the tablet from sticking to the machinery during production

 

improving the flow properties of the blend in the production process

 

breaking-up the the tablet upon contact with water

 

facilitating particle-particle adhesion in the tablet

facilitating particle-particle adhesion in the tablet

Stearic acid is used as ___ in tablet production. (1)

 

binder

 

lubricant

 

diluent

 

disintegrant

 

glidant

lubricant

Most frequent tablet deffects caused by the compression process are ___ . (2)

 

verical breaking

 

capping

 

friability

 

lamination

capping

lamination

Select all steps of the tablet production by dry granulation. (5)

 

tablet blend compression

 

mixing of granules with further excipients

 

dry mixing of drug and excipients

 

binder solution added and wet massed

 

dry compacting via slugging or roller

 

milling of compacts or granulation

 

drying of granulation

tablet blend compression

 

mixing of granules with further excipients

 

dry mixing of drug and excipients

dry compacting via slugging or roller

 

milling of compacts or granulation

Diluents or fillers have the primary purpose of ___ . (1)

 

increasing the volume of the tablet

 

preventing the tablet from sticking to the machinery during production

 

improving the flow properties of the blend in the production process

 

facilitating particle-particle adhesion in the tablet

 

breaking-up the the tablet upon contact with water

increasing the volume of the tablet

Gelatin is soluble in ___ . Select all applicable solvents. (2)

 

warm gastric fluid (37 ^oC)

 

warm water (37 ^oC)

 

cold water (15 ^oC)

 

iced water (0 ^oC)

warm gastric fluid (37 ^oC)

 

warm water (37 ^oC)

The primary reason for segregation after blending is the difference in the particle ___ . (1)

 

shape

 

size and density

 

number

 

surface texture

size and density

For film-coating, the solvent in the film-coating solution must evaporate ___ new solvent is added in the solution, (1)

 

much faster than

 

slower than

 

at the same rate as

 

faster than

faster than

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Ac-Di-Sol) is used as ___ in tablet production. (1)

 

lubricant

 

disintegrant

 

glidant

 

binder

 

diluent

disintegrant

Glidants have the primary purpose of ___ . (1)

 

breaking-up the the tablet upon contact with water

 

preventing the tablet from sticking to the machinery during production

 

facilitating particle-particle adhesion in the tablet

 

increasing the volume of the tablet

 

improving the flow properties of the blend in the production process

improving the flow properties of the blend in the production process

Select all steps of the tablet production by direct compression. (2)

 

tablet blend compression

 

milling of compacts or granulation

 

mixing of granules with further excipients

 

drying of granulation

 

dry mixing of drug and excipients

 

binder solution added and wet massed

 

dry compacting

tablet blend compression

dry mixing of drug and excipients

Select the tablet characteristics that decrease with the increasing compression force (2)

 

thickness

 

disintegration time

 

dissolution rate

 

friability

 

hardness

 

density

thickness

dissolution rate

Select the tablet production process that starts with the dry compaction of large tablets as intermediates. (1)

 

dry granulation

 

direct compression

 

wet granulation

dry granulation

Starch is used as ___ in wet granulation. (2)

 

diluent

 

binder

 

glidant

 

lubricant

 

disintegrant

binder

disintegrant