AP Psychology: Chapter 6: Memory

Consolidation

________ consists of the physical changes in neurons that take place during the formation of a memory.

Elaborative rehearsal

________: a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way.

Hindsight bias

________ occurs when people falsely believe that they knew the outcome of some event because they have included knowledge of the event's true outcome into their memories of the event itself.

Recognition

________: the ability to match a piece or a stimulus to a stored image or fact.

Infantile amnesia

________: the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3.

STM

________ is easily lost through decay or interference.

Retrograde amnesia

________: loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past.

memory

Working ________ is an active system responsible for processing the information in STM.

Primacy

________ effect: the tendency to remember the information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows.

False positive

________: error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory.

fear of objects

Semantic and episodic memories may be stored in the frontal and temporal lobes as well but in different locations than short- term memory, whereas memory for ________ is most likely stored in the amygdala.

Recall

________ is a type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be "pulled "out of memory with few or no cues, whereas recognition involves matching information with stored images or facts.

Eidetic imagery

________: the ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more.

Procedural

________ (non- declarative) memory: type of long- term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses.

physiological state

Encoding specificity: the tendency for the memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or ________) available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved.

Maintenance rehearsal

________: the practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short- term memory.

Anterograde amnesia

________: loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long- term memories.

LTM

________ is organized in the form of semantic networks, or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge.

Retrieval cues

________ are words, and meanings encoded at the same time as a new memory.

Short term memory

________ is where information is held while it is conscious and being used.

Long term memory

________ is a system in which memories are to be kept more or less permanently or stored and is Unlimited in capacity in relatively permanent in duration.

serial position effect

The ________, or primacy or recency effect, occurs when the first items and the last items in a list of information are recalled more efficiently than items n the middle of the list.

Automatic encoding

________: the tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long- term memory with little or no effortful encoding.

declarative long term memories

The hippocampus appears to be responsible for the of new storage ________.

Automatic encoding of some kinds of information

________ requires very little effort to place information into long- term memory.

State dependent learning

________ occurs when physiological or psychological states become encoded as retrieval cues for memories formed while in those states.

specificity

Encoding ________ occurs when physical surroundings become encoded as retrieval cues for specific memories.

Semantic network model

________: a model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related.

Memory trace decay theory

________ assumes the presence of a physical memory trace that decays with disuse over time.

retrograde amnesia

In ________, memory for the past (prior to the injury) is lost, which can be a loss of only minutes or a loss of several years.

Recall

________: type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be "pulled "from memory with very few external cues.

anterograde amnesia

In ________, memory for anything new becomes impossible, although old memories may still be retrievable.

Retrieval cue

________: a stimulus for remembering.

Serial position effect

________: the tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information.

Classic Studies in Psychology

Elizabeth Loftus and Eyewitnesses Loftus and others have found that people constantly update and revise their memories of events Part of this revision may include adding information acquired later to a previous memory

infantile amnesia

the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3

autobiographical memory

the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story

false positive

error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory

automatic encoding

the tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding

recency effect

the tendency to remember the information at the end of a body of information better than the information at the beginning of it

recall

type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be "pulled" from memory with very few external cues

recognition

the ability to match a piece or a stimulus to a stored image or fact

serial position effect

the tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information

primacy effect

the tendency to remember the information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows

encoding specificity

the tendency for the memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved

retrieval cue

a stimulus for remembering

semantic network model

a model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related

semantic memory

type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education

episodic memory

type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events

explicit memory

memory that is consciously known, such as declarative memory

implicit memory

memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness, such as procedural memory

declarative memory

type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known

elaborative rehearsal

a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way

procedural (non-declarative) memory

type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses

anterograde amnesia

loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories

long-term memory (LTM)

the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently

retrograde amnesia

loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards , or loss of memory for the past

maintenance rehearsal

the practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory

eidetic imagery

the ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more

echoic memory

the brief memory of something a person has just heard

sensory memory

the very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems

iconic memory

visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second