Chemistry - AP Review

Linear

Bond Pairs: 2
Lone Pairs: 0
Angle: 180

Trigonal Planar

Bond Pairs: 3
Lone Pairs: 0
Angle: 120

Bent (Trigonal Planar)

Bond Pairs: 2
Lone Pairs: 1
Angle: <120

Tetrahedral

Bond Pairs: 4
Lone Pairs: 0
Angle: 109.5

Trigonal pyramidal

Bond Pairs: 3
Lone Pairs: 1
Angle: 107

Bent (Tetrahedral)

Bond Pairs: 2
Lone Pairs: 2
Angle: 105

Trigonal Bipyramidal

Bond Pairs: 5
Lone Pairs: 0
Angle: 90, 120

See-Saw

Bond Pairs: 4
Lone Pairs: 1
Angle: <90, <120

T-shaped

Bond Pairs: 3
Lone Pairs: 2
Angle: <90

Linear (Trigonal Bipyramidal)

Bond Pairs: 2
Lone Pairs: 3
Angle: 180

Octahedral

Bond Pairs: 6

Lone Pairs: 0
Angle: 90

Square Pyramidal

Bond Pairs: 5
Lone Pairs: 1
Angle: 90, <90

Square Planar

Bond Pairs: 4
Lone Pairs: 2
Angle: 90

Red Light

652-740 nm
least energy

Orange Light

590-625 nm

Yellow Light

565-590 nm

Green Light

520-565 nm

Blue Light

445-520 nm

Indigo Light

425-445

Violet Light

380-425 nm
Most Energy

X-rays

More energy than Violet Light (Outside Visible Light Spectrum)

Gamma Rays

More energy than violet light and x-rays (outside visible light spectrum)

Radio Waves

Less energy than red light (outside visible light spectrum)

High Coloumbic Attraction

High Melting and Boiling Point

Ionic Soilds

crystal lattice structure
rigid, orderly, repeating unit cells
poor conductors as solids
High Melting and Boiling Points
Brittle

Metallic Lattices

delocalized electrons (sea of electrons)
good conductors
shiny, ductile, malleable

High Melting and Boiling Points

Alloys

Used to enhance properties of a mixture
Substitutional: filling in for another element (two of the same size)
Interstitial: filling in holes between elements (big + small)

Strong IMFs

High Boiling Point
High Melting Point
Low Vapor Pressure

IMFs (Strongest to Weakest)

Ionic
Ionic Dipole
Hydrogen Bonding
Non-Hydrogen Bonding (Dipole-Dipole)
Induced Dipole
London Dispersion

Endothermic

heat as a reactant
temperature increase
energy flows into system
positive q value
delta h is positive

Exothermic

heat as a product
temperature decreases
energy flows out of system
negative q value
delta h is negative
energy to form bonds is greater than energy to break bonds