Unit 1 AP World History

Mr. Williams Brain Dump

Song Dynasty China

A major Chinese dynasty that ruled from 960 to 1279, known for its advances in technology, culture, and economics, and significant developments in art and literature. It was characterized by a thriving urban economy, advancements in agriculture, and a focus on education and civil service exams.

Confucianism

A philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing morality, family loyalty, and social harmony. It became the official ideology of the Song Dynasty, influencing governance and education.

Daosim

A religious and philosophical tradition originating in China that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao, which is the fundamental principle that is the source of everything. It advocates for simplicity, spontaneity, and compassion, influencing Chinese culture and spirituality.

Five Relationships

A key concept in Confucianism that outlines the proper interactions and duties among individuals in society, including relationships between:

1. Ruler and subject

2. Father and son

3. Husband and wife

4. Elder brother and younger brother

5. Friend and friend

   These relationships establish a framework for social harmony and ethical behavior.

Filial Piety

The virtue of respect and duty towards one's parents and ancestors, central to Confucian ethics. It underscores the importance of familial loyalty and honoring one's heritage.

Imperial Bureaucracy

A system of government in which state officials and administrators manage the government operations and maintain order, vital for the functioning of empires like China.

Song Dynasty Inventions

1. Gunpowder

2. The compass

3. Printing technology

4. Advancements in agriculture, such as improved rice cultivation techniques

Buddhism

A religion and philosophy that originated in India, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha. It emphasizes personal spiritual development, the pursuit of enlightenment, and the understanding of the Four Noble Truths.

Neo-Confucianism

A philosophical movement in China that emerged as a response to Buddhism and Daoism, integrating Confucian ideas with Buddhist metaphysics and emphasizing moral self-cultivation and social harmony.

(New-Confucianism)

Theravada vs. Mahayana Buddhism

The two main branches of Buddhism, with Theravada focusing on individual enlightenment and Mahayana emphasizing the collective salvation and compassion for all beings. Theravada emphasizes monastic life and meditation, while Mahayana includes a wider range of beliefs, practices, and the concept of bodhisattvas.

Mahayana= Help others reach enlightenment (East Asia)

Theravada= Good luck y’all (Sri Lanka)

Chinese Civil Service Exam (Meritocracy)

A historical examination system in China that selected candidates for bureaucratic positions based on merit, emphasizing knowledge of Confucian texts and principles.

Abbasid Caliphate

A major Islamic dynasty that ruled from 750 to 1258 CE, known for its cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, with Baghdad as its capital.

Seljuk Empire

A medieval Islamic state that emerged in the 11th century, known for its territorial expansion across the Middle East, including Persia and Anatolia, and its role in the Crusades.

Dar al-Islam

Refers to the "House of Islam," where Muslims can practice their faith freely. It represents countries and regions under Islamic rule and governance.

Major advances in mathematics (trig & algebra), astronomy, medicine, & chemistry

Islam

is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion that teaches the belief in one God (Allah) and the prophet Muhammad as his messenger. It encompasses a comprehensive way of life, including spiritual, ethical, and social practices.

Hinduism

is a major world religion originating in the Indian subcontinent, characterized by a variety of beliefs, practices, and deities, including concepts like dharma (duty) and karma (action and consequence). It encompasses diverse traditions such as worship of multiple gods and rituals.

Sufism

is a mystical branch of Islam that emphasizes direct personal experience of God through spiritual practices, such as meditation and poetry, often focusing on inner purity and the pursuit of divine love.

Srivijaya Empire

was a powerful maritime kingdom based in Southeast Asia, known for its influence on trade, culture, and Buddhism from the 7th to 13th centuries.It controlled strategic trade routes and fostered the spread of Buddhism throughout the region.

Caste system

is a hierarchical social structure in Hindu society that divides people into different categories based on occupation and duty, traditionally impacting social interactions and marriage.

Mexica

were an indigenous people of central Mexico, known for their rich culture, impressive architecture, and the establishment of the Aztec Empire, which dominated the region until Spanish conquest.

Inca

was a large empire in South America known for its advanced engineering, extensive road systems, and agriculture, thriving from the early 15th century until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century.

Maya

were an ancient Mesoamerican civilization known for their sophisticated writing system, impressive architectural achievements, and advanced knowledge in astronomy and mathematics.

Ethiopia

was an ancient empire located in the Horn of Africa, known for its rich history, unique Christian traditions, and trade routes that connected Africa to the Arabian Peninsula and beyond.

Feudalism

was a social and economic system that dominated medieval Europe, characterized by the exchange of land for military service and loyalty between lords and vassals.

Manorialism

was a system that governed the organization of rural economies in medieval Europe, focusing on the management of land and the obligations of peasants to lords.

Serfdom

was a form of labor in medieval Europe where peasants were bound to the land and required to provide services to their lords in exchange for protection and the right to work on their leased plots.

Great Schism

was the period during the late medieval era when the Catholic Church was divided between rival popes, leading to significant religious and political conflict in Europe.

Crusades

were a series of religious wars initiated by European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control, spanning from the 11th to the 13th centuries.