Protists and Evolutionary History
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Flashcards based on lecture notes about protists and evolutionary history.
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86 Terms
What does ANC-OTU Character Gaps: ANC stand for?
Few changes, many ancestral traits
What does ANC-OTU Character Gaps: OTU stand for?
Many changes
What is a plesiomorphic character?
Ancestral trait
What is a synapomorphic trait?
Shared and recent traits
What is an outgroup in phylogenetic analysis?
A closely related group used to 'root' a tree.
What is phylogeny?
A guide to the ancestry of organisms, the order in which groups evolved, and the timing of diversification.
What is cladistics?
Uses plesiomorphic and synapomorphic characters to build trees.
What is phylogenetics?
The evolutionary development and diversification of a species or group of organisms.
What is a monophyletic group?
A complete group (clade) of organisms that evolved from a common ancestor.
What is a paraphyletic group?
A group of organisms whose common ancestor includes descendants outside the group.
What is a polyphyletic group?
A group of organisms that evolved from two or more different ancestors.
Name the four main groups of Eukaryotes
Protists, fungi, animals, plants
What is a key feature of Eukaryotes?
Compartmentalized cytoplasm with membrane-bound organelles.
Name an example of an organelle found in eukaryotes?
Nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast, Golgi body, vacuoles
Describe the size of prokaryotic cells?
Small cells
Describe the size of eukaryotic cells?
Larger cells
How do prokaryotes typically divide?
Binary fission
How do eukaryotes typically divide?
Mitosis and cytokinesis
Describe the structure of prokaryotic DNA?
Single circular molecule
Describe the structure of eukaryotic DNA?
Many linear molecules associated with protein
Where is DNA located in prokaryotes?
In nucleoid region
Where is DNA located in eukaryotes?
In nucleus
Describe the cytoplasm of prokaryotes?
No organelles, membranes
Describe the cytoplasm of eukaryotes?
Membrane bound organelles
What does the Endosymbiotic Theory suggest?
Suggests that eukaryotic cells originated when a larger primitive cell engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells.
Name two similarties between organelles and prokaryotic cells?
Size approximately the same, free floating circular DNA, similar sized ribosomes, divide by binary fission, folded maternal membranes
What is evidence for the symbiotic theory?
Phagocytosis is common
What is the Kingdom Protista?
Simplest form of eukaryotes
Describe the cellularity of protists?
Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
What are the various nutritional modes of protists?
Autotrophic, heterotrophic, saprophyte, mixotrophic, or parasitic
What defines Excavata?
Asymmetrical appearance with an excavation in the cell profile
How many flagella do teramastigotes have?
4 flagella
What shape are the cristae in Discicristata?
Disc shaped cristae
What is a kinetoplast?
Kinetoplast – mitochondrial kDNA near basal body flagellar groove
What are the main characteristics of Chromistans/Stramenopiles flagella?
Straw hairs (piles) on tinsel flagellum, the other flagellum is smooth
What are alveoli in Alveolates?
Sub-plasmalemmal vacuoles
What are Rhodophytes?
Red algae – phycobiliprotein
What are Viridiplantae?
Green algae and higher plants
What are the features of Amoebozoans (amoebae)?
Lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia
What are the major groups included in Opisthokonts?
Nucleariids, fungi, choanoflagellates and animals
What does ANC-OTU Character Gaps: ANC stand for?
Few changes, many ancestral traits
What does ANC-OTU Character Gaps: OTU stand for?
Many changes
What is a plesiomorphic character?
Ancestral trait
What is a synapomorphic trait?
Shared and recent traits
What is an outgroup in phylogenetic analysis?
A closely related group used to 'root' a tree.
What is phylogeny?
A guide to the ancestry of organisms, the order in which groups evolved, and the timing of diversification.
What is cladistics?
Uses plesiomorphic and synapomorphic characters to build trees.
What is phylogenetics?
The evolutionary development and diversification of a species or group of organisms.
What is a monophyletic group?
A complete group (clade) of organisms that evolved from a common ancestor.
What is a paraphyletic group?
A group of organisms whose common ancestor includes descendants outside the group.
What is a polyphyletic group?
A group of organisms that evolved from two or more different ancestors.
Name the four main groups of Eukaryotes
Protists, fungi, animals, plants
What is a key feature of Eukaryotes?
Compartmentalized cytoplasm with membrane-bound organelles.
Name an example of an organelle found in eukaryotes?
Nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast, Golgi body, vacuoles
Describe the size of prokaryotic cells?
Small cells
Describe the size of eukaryotic cells?
Larger cells
How do prokaryotes typically divide?
Binary fission
How do eukaryotes typically divide?
Mitosis and cytokinesis
Describe the structure of prokaryotic DNA?
Single circular molecule
Describe the structure of eukaryotic DNA?
Many linear molecules associated with protein
Where is DNA located in prokaryotes?
In nucleoid region
Where is DNA located in eukaryotes?
In nucleus
Describe the cytoplasm of prokaryotes?
No organelles, membranes
Describe the cytoplasm of eukaryotes?
Membrane bound organelles
What does the Endosymbiotic Theory suggest?
Suggests that eukaryotic cells originated when a larger primitive cell engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells.
Name two similarties between organelles and prokaryotic cells?
Size approximately the same, free floating circular DNA, similar sized ribosomes, divide by binary fission, folded maternal membranes
What is evidence for the symbiotic theory?
Phagocytosis is common
What is the Kingdom Protista?
Simplest form of eukaryotes
Describe the cellularity of protists?
Unicellular, colonial, or multicellular
What are the various nutritional modes of protists?
Autotrophic, heterotrophic, saprophyte, mixotrophic, or parasitic
What defines Excavata?
Asymmetrical appearance with an excavation in the cell profile
How many flagella do teramastigotes have?
4 flagella
What shape are the cristae in Discicristata?
Disc shaped cristae
What is a kinetoplast?
Kinetoplast – mitochondrial kDNA near basal body flagellar groove
What are the main characteristics of Chromistans/Stramenopiles flagella?
Straw hairs (piles) on tinsel flagellum, the other flagellum is smooth
What are alveoli in Alveolates?
Sub-plasmalemmal vacuoles
What are Rhodophytes?
Red algae – phycobiliprotein
What are Viridiplantae?
Green algae and higher plants
What are the features of Amoebozoans (amoebae)?
Lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia
What are the major groups included in Opisthokonts?
Nucleariids, fungi, choanoflagellates and animals
What is taxonomy?
The method of naming organisms
What is systematics?
The science of studying the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
What creates binomial nomenclature?
Genus
species
What is a mutation?
A heritable alteration in the DNA sequence
What is species richness?
The number of different species in a community
What is species evenness?
The proportion of each species in a community