Patterns of Crime Simplified

Class: Typical criminal is working class 5

* Murray
* Clarke
* Lea and Young
* Merton
* Albert Cohen

Class: Working classes are just policed more harshly 1

* Cicourel

Class: Wealthy offend but are not caught 3

* Snider
* Chambliss
* Hughes and Langan

Class: All social classes offend 1

* Gordon

Gender: Typical criminal is male 5

* Murray
* Wilson and Kelling
* Albert Cohen
* Heidensohn
* Winlow

Gender: Men are just policed more harshly 1

* Cicourel

Gender: Women offend more today 2

* Adler
* Archer

Ethnicity: Typical criminal is of ethnic minority 4

* Murray
* Lea and Young
* Merton
* Albert Cohen

Ethnicity: Ethnic minorities are just policed more harshly 5

* Becker
* Cicourel
* Hudson and Bramhall
* Phillips and Bowling
* Hall et al

Age: Typical criminal is a young person 7

* Murray
* Lea and Young
* Cicourel
* Merton
* Albert Cohen
* Phil Cohen
* Brake

Age: Not all young people offend 3

* McRobbie
* Eisenstadt
* Parsons

Age: Youth deviance is exaggerated 3

* Stan Cohen
* Jock Young
* Fawbert

Age: The view that the adults offend but are not caught when it’s through high status jobs 2

* Snider
* Hughes and Langan

Measuring Crime 5

* Cicourel
* Wally
* Hughes and Langan
* Kinsey, Lea and Young

VS
* Realists