Study guide exam 3

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Chapters 8, 9, 10

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19 Terms

1
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What is the spreading activation model in language?

It explains how some words in our mental lexicon become activated because they are linked with a word or concept currently held in mind

2
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What is the difference between semantics and syntax?

Semantics refers to the meaning of words and sentences, while syntax refers to their structure and grammatical arrangement.

3
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What is semantic priming?

The phenomenon where exposure to one word (e.g., doctor) makes related words (e.g., nurse) easier to access.

4
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What is Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?

A hypothetical brain mechanism proposed by Chomsky to explain humans' innate ability to acquire language.

5
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What does the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis argue?

Language influences thought. The strong form suggests language determines thought, while the weak form argues it shapes and guides thinking.

6
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What are phonemes and morphemes?

Phonemes are the smallest units of sound, while morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language.

7
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What is the difference between System 1 and System 2 thinking?

System 1 is fast, intuitive, and automatic; System 2 is slow, analytical, and deliberate.

8
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What is the representativeness heuristic?

Judging the probability of an event based on how similar it is to a prototype, often leading to biases like the conjunction fallacy.

9
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What is loss aversion?

The tendency to feel the pain of a loss more strongly than the pleasure of a gain of the same magnitude.

10
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How does framing influence decision-making?

People’s choices are affected by whether options are presented as gains or losses.

11
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What is the anchoring effect?

The reliance on an initial reference point (anchor) when making judgments, even if it is irrelevant.

12
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What is the sunk cost fallacy?

The tendency to continue investing in something because of previously invested resources, even if it’s not beneficial.

13
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What is delay discounting?

The tendency to value immediate rewards more highly than delayed rewards, even if the delayed rewards are greater.

14
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What is self-control, and how does it change with age?

Self-control is the ability to delay gratification. It develops in childhood, peaks in adulthood, and declines in older age due to changes in the frontal lobe.

15
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What is deductive reasoning?

Drawing specific conclusions from general premises using logic (e.g., modus ponens).

16
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What is inductive reasoning?

Forming generalizations based on specific observations or evidence (e.g., premise typicality and diversity).

17
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What are the factors determining causal direction?

Temporal order (cause precedes effect), covariation (events occur together), and causal launching (one event triggers another).

18
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What is Bayesian inference?

A method of updating the probability of a hypothesis based on prior knowledge (prior probability) and new evidence (likelihood).

19
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What is the formula for Bayes’ rule?

P(H/E)=[P(E/H)/P(E)]×P(H),

where P(H/E)P(H/E)P(H/E) is the posterior probability.