1.2.3, 1.2.4, and 1.2.5 bio-med

study of poisonous substances and their effects upon body parts

toxicology

A naturally-occurring poison produced by living organisms produced by living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, plants, insects, and algae.

toxins

Manufactured and extracted chemicals such as pesticides, cleaning agents, and industrial emissions

toxicants

A substance that the body needs to maintain life and health, such as proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.

nutrient

A group of atoms held together by chemical bonds.

molecule

the mechanical breakdown of food

physical digestion

the breakdown of foods into molecules using enzymes and acid

chemical digestion

functions of the digestive system

ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

where digestion begins. physical and chemical digestion takes place here.

function of the oral cavity (mouth)

kind of food digested in the mouth

carbs/starchers

enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth

salivary amylase

blocks off your trachea (windpipe) when you swallow

epiglottis

bolus

term for the wad of food we swallow

where peristalsis begins. transports food from mouth to stomach

function of the esophagus

wave-like muscle contractions that moves food down the esophagus

peristalsis

which letter points to the esophagus?

A

where protein digestion begins. produces hydrochloric acid and enzymes which break down food into nutrients

function of the stomach

which letter points to the stomach?

D

where are two of the four sphincters in your digestive system found

both ends of the stomach

breaks down food/biomolecules and absorbs most nutrients.

Function of the small intestine

what gets broken down in the small intestine

proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids

which letter points to the small intestine?

G

removes water from undigested waste (absorbs water)

function of the large intestine (colon)

which letter points to the large intestine

H

accessory organs of the digestive system

liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

which letter points to the liver

C

which letter points to the gallbladder

B

which letter points to the pancreas

F

the process of breaking down substances into molecules and then into energy for the body to use

metabolism

small molecules produced as byproducts during metabolism which can provide clues as to what substances were ingested by an individual and when.

metabolites

molecules necessary for every living thing to survive

biomolecules

what are the four biomolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

building block of a biomolecule

monomer

function of carbohydrates

fast source of energy

monomers of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

(elements) carbohydrates are made of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

example of carbohydrate

sugar\*, starches

function of lipids

provides insulation, long term energy (stores energy for long time)

monomers of lipids

glycerol, fatty acids

(elements) lipids are made of

2. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

example of lipids

butter, oil, fats, cholesterol

what does the body use after it burns all your carbohydrates

it uses lipids (fat tissue)

function of proteins

acts as enzymes, muscle building, works in immune system

monomers of proteins

amino acids

(elements) proteins are made of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

examples of proteins

enzymes\*, hemoglobin, antibodies, meat, yogurt, nails and hair

function of nucleic acids

storage of genetic material

monomers of nucleic acids

nucleotides

(elements) nucleic acids are made of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

examples of nucleic acids

DNA, RNA

enzymes are…

proteins

active site

specifically shaped area on an enzyme of which substrates can bind to

function of enzymes

speed up reaction in the body

substrate

what binds to an enzyme’s active site

the end result items of the reaction between an enzyme and substrate are called the

products

enzymes often end in…

ASE

sugars often end in…

OSE

what do enzymes break down

carbohydrates (sugars), lipids, proteins for digestion

why are enzymes called catalysts

because they can speed up reaction without being altered. they can be used over and over

help bind substrates to enzymes, like vitamins

coenzymes and cofactors

enzymes have ideal…

pH and temperature ranges

when an enzyme’s shape becomes distorted due to changes in ideal pH and temperature

denaturization

Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose. What are the monomers of lact__**ase**__?

amino acids

Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose. What are the monomers of lact__**ose**__?

monosaccharides

what letter points to the enzyme

B

what letter points to the substrate

C

what letter points to the active site

A

what letter points to the enzyme-substrate complex

D

what letter points to the product

E

The study of the microscopic anatomy of tissues.

histology

assessment of tissue specimens by the unaided eye

gross examination

structures of the body from least complex to most complex

chemical, cellular, tissues, organs, organ systems, the body

groups of similar cells come together to perform a common function.

what are tissues

function of the nervous system

responsible for receiving, interpreting, and reacting to signals from inside and outside the body

what is the nervous system comprised of

brain, brain stem, spinal cord, and nerves

function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

brings information from the outside world and from within the body

parts of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

all nerves in the body

function of the central nervous system (CNS)

processes information, makes decisions, controls how we think, move, and learn

parts of the central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

which color shows the frontal lobe

blue

which color shows the parietal lobe

yellow

which color shows the temporal lobe

green

which color shows the occipital lobe

red

plans and organized incoming information; controls emotions and behavior

function of the frontal lobe

sensory perception and integration, including the management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell

function of the parietal lobe

processes language and stores information in long-term memory

function of the temporal lobe

receives and processes sensory nerve impulses from the eyes

function of the occipital lobe

what is the last lobe of the brain to develop

frontal lobe

A brain dysfunction caused by an outside force to the head.

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A progressive degeneration, and/or death, of nerve cells caused by repeated head injuries, such as repeated concussions.

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

what type of brain does this MRI show

a normal brain

what type of brain does this MRI show

a brain with traumatic brain injury (TBI)

what type of brain does this MRI show

a brain with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

the types of tissue in the human body

nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and connective tissue

what type of tissue does this picture show

nervous tissue

what type of tissue does this picture show

epithelial tissue

what type of tissue does this picture show

muscle tissue

what type of tissue does this picture show

connective

receives, interprets, and responds to signals using specialized cells called neurons

function of nervous tissue

where is nervous tissue located

nerves, brain, spinal cord