Crime typologies - CJ

what is studying crime typologies important?

research can focus on specific types of crime, policy makers can make better use of information, criminal justice decision makes categorize their response to crime based of crime types, laws are designed to categorize crime, scholars must focus on crime categories to make sense of those offenses 

what is violent crime

crimes that cause victim’s direct physical harm

what is homicide

the killing of one human being by another

what is assault

attempted intflected harm on another person

what is

what is robbery 

taking property by force/threat of force

what are the different degrees of murder 

1st - premeditated 2 - not planned but intentional 

what is voluntary manslaughter

intentional but as a response to provocation

what is involuntary manslaughter

a situation in reckless action → unintentional death

what is negligent homicide

accidental killing but offender should’ve known actions could lead to death (felony murder rule) 

what is serial killings

multiple victims, includes “cooling off period” has a type in victims 

what is a killing spree

crimes committed by an individual who kills two or more victims in multiple locations 

what is mass murders

crimes by individuals who kill a large number of victims at once 

is there a distintion between assault and battery in the modern legal system

no

what do the degrees of assault depend on 

1) Seriousness of harm 2) whether a weapon was involved 3) the potential impact of harm

what is gun violence

firearms used in 71% of murders in the US (often young offenders towards other young offenders) 

what is family violence

person more likely to be harmed by someone they know 

what is child abuse

violence perpetrated towards a child by someone who has power over the child 

what is intimate partner violence 

abusive behavoirs between intimate partners 

what is patriarcal violence

systematic male violence over time

what is common couple violence

occasional “outburst” of violence that a partner perpetrated towards other 

what is the rejected stalker

wants to get back with person after relationship ended 

what is the intemate seeker stalker

delusional, wants relationship and believes survivor is in love with them 

what is the incompetent stalker 

low social emotional awareness and motivated by desire for romantic relationship 

what is the resentful stalker 

wants to fear person 

what is the predator

part of plan toattack them, usually sexually

what is emotional abuse

used to control spouses

What is Lerione Walker’s “Cycle of Violence”?

honeymoon stage (enjoying time togehter), tension building (happens over time), abusive episode, apologize, victims leave then return

What is elder sexual abuse

sexually orientated behaviors towards elders, typeof family violence (sexual degradation) 

What is a hate crime

situations where one is targeted for victimization because of demographic characteristics 

What is gang violence (Fredrick Thrasher definition)

group originally form spontaneously thorugh conflict characterized by meeting face to face

what is the diffuse gang type

short-lived, little focus and purpose

what is the solidfied gang type

lasts longer, involved in more conflict

what is the conventional gang type

involved in conventional activities

what is the criminal gang type

involved in criminal activties

what is sex crimes

froce and threat of force without consent

what is the power type of rapist

does not necessarily want to harm victim but pocess them sexually

what is the sadistic type of rapist

gains pleasure from harming victim

what is the anger type of rapist

to express anger and rage - little satisfaction

what are the rates of child sexual abuse

1 in 4 feamles, 1 in 7 males

What are the justifications/cycle for a sexual abuser in a relationship

begins relationship in normal, nonsexual friendship, gradually begins to turn relationship into a sexual one, offender often silences the victim with promises of gifts or threats of harm

what is date rape

victims know the offender (does not have to be a date)

what does date rape involve/where is the concern mostly

usually involves the use of drugs/alcohol, serious concern on college campuses 

what is martial rape

sexual abusing their partners, not criminalized until the 1970s

What are the rates of marital rape 

7.7 million women are victims, most do not report

What is robbery

taking another person’s property by force/threat

what is “strong-arm robbery”?

just the threat of violence

what does robbery potentially incldue

threats, prodding force, incapacitation force (knocking someone out, drugging them), confrontation (making demands), blitzes (catching people off guard), snatch-theft

What is property crume

more often but less violent then violent crimes, individual property rather then the person itself 

what is larceny theft

the act of taking someone elses property with the intent of keeping it

what are the four qualificaitons for larceny theft

taking, offender must physically move the property, must be someone elses property, has mental intent to take property, must intent to keep the property

what shoplifitng

larceny theft from a store

what is the amateur shoplifter

rarely shoplifts, for themself

what are kleptomaniacs

compulsively shoplifts

what are the juvenielle shoplifter

for excitement (also use item)

what are the homeless shoplifts

to survive

what is the addict shoplifter

to support drug habit

what is the professional shoplfiter

a significant amount of goods to sell ot fences (buy/sell stolen goods)

what is identity theft

stealing someone else’s background, typically comitted through other crimes (e.g forgery)

what is plagerism

stealing intellectual property (e.g failure to cite sources) 

what is bulgralry

unlawful entry into a structure with the intent to commit a felony (felony does not have to be comitted, about the intent) 

what is the novice buglarer

younger, less expierenced, easily deferred by security

what is the middle range buglarer

little more expierenced, typically works alone

what is the professional buglarer

highly skilled, not scared of security, connection with other criminals who buy stolen goods 

what is the carjackign type of automobile theft

steals directly from the vicitm

what is the victim type of automobile theft

victim is abscent and is not near car

what is the joyriding type of automobile theft

offenders to not intent to keep car

what is arson

intentionally setting fire to a structure

what is 1st degree arson

victim in a structure

what is 2nd degree arson

no victim in structure

what are the 3 myths about arson

fastest growing crime in the US (false), arson is hard to solve bc fire destroys evidence, arson becomes more freequent in difficult economic times 

what are public order crimes 

appear to be victimless but are classified as crimes because of the belief they harm public order (e.g sex work)

what are alc related crimes

underage drinking, drunk driving, public drunkness offenses 

What is prostituion/sex work

providing sexual behavoir in exchange for money (john - buys sexual activity)

what are streetwalker sex workers 

walk around to find jobs

what are homesless sex workers 

to survive

what are part-time sex workers 

participate on and off

what are indentured sex slave sex workers 

trafficked into sex trade

what are in-house sex workers 

employed in legal business

what are escort-service sex workers 

high price after advertising “escort services” - typically online

what are drug addicted sex workers 

in exchange for drugs/money to buy drugs 

what are callgirls sex workers 

regular clients, high prices

what are madams sex workers 

women managers of prostitutes

what are white collar crimes

crime committed by individuals as part of thier legitimate occupation

what are occupational white colar crimes

personally benefit

what is cooperate white collar crimes

breaks rules to ebenfit company (e.g false advirtisement, unsafe work env)

what is a state crime

crime in the Cj system, political system, educational system 

what is organized crime

comitted by netwroks or organizaitons forms for the purpose of engaging in illegal practices 

Juvenille offending

running away, skipping school, curvew violations, increase after schools let out