BIOL 1306 Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards generated from BIOL 1306 lecture quizzes, covering topics in chemistry, cell biology, ecology, and biochemistry.

Hydrogen bond

The type of bond formed amongst different water molecules that allows water to exist in three states (gas, liquid, or solid).

Polar covalent bond

The chemical bond predicted to be present in a molecule if that molecule is completely soluble in water.

Slightly basic or alkaline

The conclusion about a slimy secretion that has a pH of 7.9.

Atomic number of 12

An element with this atomic number would have 12 electrons.

Electrons in the outermost shell or orbital

The subatomic particles that determine the reactivity of an atom.

Polar covalent bond

A bond predicted to be present when a central atom draws electrons more strongly such that donated electrons spend more time orbiting around that central atom than around the other atoms attached to it, indicating unequal sharing.

Electron

The subatomic particle typically found orbiting the nucleus of an atom.

Hydrocarbon

A molecule that only consists of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Mitochondria

An organelle that would be present in only eukaryotic cells but absent in bacterial cells.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

The location where ribosomes synthesize secreted proteins.

Nuclear envelope

The organelle known to contain two lipid bilayers.

Lysosomes

An organelle made from the Golgi apparatus, involved in protein sorting and processing.

Peroxisome

The organelle responsible for the oxidation or breakdown of toxins.

Mitochondria

The organelle that performs the production of ATP from organic molecules such as glucose.

Lysosomes

The organelle with which the fusion of food vacuoles results in the digestion of any macromolecules found in that vacuole.

Cytoskeleton

The cellular component that determines the shape of a cell and its ability to sometimes move.

Microfilaments

The cytoskeleton component responsible for the formation of pseudopods in amoebas.

Gap junctions

Junctions that allow the exchange of small molecules and ions between two neighboring animal cells.

Community

The level of biological organization corresponding to all of the organisms found residing in a specific area.

Producers

Organisms which serve as the main or primary source of food for almost the entirety of all organisms.

Biosphere

The level of biological organization or hierarchy that encompasses our entire planet.

Ecosystem

The entire set of organisms and all of the physical features of a given area (e.g., rivers, mountains, and other geographical features).

Experimental group

The group receiving a drug being evaluated for its ability to treat a viral infection.

Recyclers (or decomposers)

Organisms that usually perform the conversion of dead organic matter into useful minerals and minimal components.

Domain Eukarya

The biological domain that would not contain prokaryotes.

Population

Corresponds to all of the living organisms of a single particular species found in a particular area.

Energy flow in biology

Producers convert sunlight energy into chemical energy which is then used by consumers.

Domain Eukarya

The biological domain to which animals, plants, protists, and fungi all belong.

Hydrolysis reaction

A chemical reaction that results in the release of monomers from a large polymer.

Monosaccharide

The monomer released from polysaccharides such as starch during digestion.

Condensation reaction

A reaction by which monomers are used to form a polymer.

Sterol

A type of lipid consisting of a series of ring structures, being very hydrophobic but not containing any fatty acids as part of its chemical composition.

Primary structure

The level(s) of protein structure that correspond to the linear order of amino acids in a protein.

Peptide bond

The covalent bond that forms when two amino acids are joined together via a dehydration reaction.

Phosphodiester bond

The covalent bond that forms when two individual nucleotides join together via a dehydration reaction to form RNA.

Plant fats (triglycerides)

Tend to be liquid at room temperature because they have more double bonds in their fatty acids.

Isomers

Explains the fact that glucose and fructose can have the same chemical formulas but have distinct chemical properties.

Phospholipids

A type of lipid that consists of glycerol, a hydrophilic phosphate-rich area, and has only two fatty acid tails.