AP Euro: KC Unit 7

European states struggled to maintain international stability in an age of ______ and revolution.

nationalism

The breakdown of the _____ _ _ __ ______ opened the door for movements of national unification in ____ and _____ as well as liberal reforms elsewhere.

Concert of Europe, Italy, Germany

The __________________________ transformed the _____ ___ ____ in Europe and led to efforts to construct a new diplomatic order.

unification of Italy and Germany, balance of power

A variety of motives and methods led to the intensification of European global control and ____ ________ among the Great Powers.

increased tensions

Industrial and technological developments (e.g., ___ _______ ______ _______) facilitated European control of ______ empires.

the Second Industrial Revolution, global (like England imperializing India for cotton textile production)

European ideas and culture expressed a tension between objectivity and _____ _______ on one hand and subjectivity and _______ ______ on the other.

scientific realism, individual expression (impressionism)

Following the Revolutions of 1848, Europe turned toward a _______ and _______ worldview.

realist, materialist

Definitions and perceptions of regional, cultural, national, and ______ ______ have developed and been challenged over time, with varied and often profound effects on the political, social, and cultural order in Europe.

European identity

_________ encouraged loyalty to the nation in a variety of ways, including ______ ______, liberal reform, political reunification, racialism with a concomitant anti-Semitism, and _______ justifying _____ ______.

nationalists, romantic idealism, chauvinism, national aggrandizement

Nationalists:

J..G. Fichte, Grimm Brothers, Guiseppe Mazzini, Pan-Slavists

Anti-Semitism:

Dreyfus Affair, Christian Social Party in Germany, Karl Lueger (mayor of Vienna)

While during the 19th century western European Jews became more socially and politically acculturated, _______, a form of Jewish ________, developed late in the century as a response to growing anti-Semitism throughout Europe.

Zionism, nationalism

Zionist:

Theodore Herzl

A new generation of ______ leaders including _______ , _______, and _______, used ____ _____ to _____ or strengthen the state.

conservative, Napoleon III, Cavour, Bismarck, popular nationalism, create

The creation of the _____ _________ __________, which recognized the political power of the _____ _____ ______, was an attempt to stabilize the state by reconfiguring national unity.

dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, largest ethnic minority

________________ demonstrated the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and contributed to the breakdown of the ________________, thereby creating the conditions in which Italy and Germany could be united after ______ of fragmentation.

The Crimean War, Concert of Europe, centuries

______________ diplomatic strategies, combined with the popular ___________ _____ campaigns, led to the unification of Italy.

Cavour’s, Garibaldi’s military

_______ used _________, employing diplomacy, industrialized warfare, _______, and the manipulation of ______ mechanisms to unify Germany.

Bismarck, realpolitik, weaponry, diplomatic

European states and nations developed governmental and _____ _______ from 1450 to the present to organize society and ______ political power, with a variety of social, cultural, and economic effects.

civil institutions, consolidate

Factors that resulted in Italian and German unification:

________ demonstrated the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and contributed to the breakdown of the ________, thereby creating the conditions in which Italy and Germany could be united after centuries of fragmentation. 

________ diplomatic strategies, combined with the popular _______ military campaigns, led to the unification of Italy. 

_______ used ________, employing diplomacy, industrialized warfare, weaponry, and the manipulation of democratic mechanisms to unify Germany.

Crimean War, Concert of Europe, Cavour’s, Garibaldi’s, Bismarck, Realpolitik

_______ sentiment and political ________ led to tension between and among European powers from 1815 to 1914. 

Nationalistic, alliances

After 1871, Bismarck attempted to maintain the _____ ___ _____ through a complex system of alliances directed at ______ France:

with what three things?

balance of power, isolating, Three Emperors’ League, Triple Alliance, Reinsurance Treaty

Bismarck’s _______ in 1890 eventually led to a system of mutually _____ ______ and heightened international tensions.

dismissal, antagonistic alliances

Nationalist tensions in the _______ drew the ___ _____ into a series of crises, leading up to ___ _ ______ with what four things?

Balkans, Great Powers, WW I, Congress of Berlin in 1878, growing influence of Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina annexation crisis (1908), First Balkan War, Second Balkan War

Scientific and technological innovations have increased efficiency, improved ___ _____, and shaped human development and _____ _____, having both intended and unintended consequences.

human life, unintended consequences

Charles Darwin provided a scientific and material account of biological change and the development of human beings as a species, and inadvertently, a justification for racialist theories that became known as ______ _________.

Social Darwinism

________, or the philosophy that science alone provides knowledge, emphasized the ______ and scientific analysis of nature and human affairs.

positivism, rational

In the late 19th century, a new _________ in values and the loss of confidence in the ______ of knowledge led to ________ in intellectual and cultural life.

relativism, objectivity, modernism

Philosophy largely moved from ________ interpretations of nature and human society to an emphasis on ______ and ______, a view that contributed to the belief that conflict and ______ led to progress (revolutionaries = Sorel). What three people?

rationality, irrationality, impulse, struggle, Friedreich Nietzsche, Georges Sorel, Henri Bergson

Fichte

German nationalism through united German language

Nietzsche

German philosopher who said ideas such as reason, democracy, and progress should be questioned. Described the decay of traditional moral structure in Europe. "God is Dead"

______ psychology offered a new account of human nature that emphasized the role of the irrational and the struggle between conscious and _______.

Freudian, unconsious

• Developments in the natural sciences, such as _______ and ______ _____ _________, undermined the primacy of _____________ as an objective description of _____. 

  • _____ ________.

quantum mechanics, Einstein’s theory of relativity, Newtonian physics, Max Planck, nature

A variety of internal and external factors contribute to ____ ______, expansion, and decline. Governments maintain order through a variety Motivated by a variety of factors, Europe’s interaction with the world led to political, economic, social, and _____ _____ (Japan) that influenced both European and non-European societies.

state formation, cultural exchanges

European nations were driven by ______, political, and cultural motivations in their new imperial ventures in Asia and Africa.

economic

European national rivalries and ____ _____ fostered imperial expansion and competition for colonies.

strategic concerns

The search for _____ _____ and markets for manufactured goods, as well as strategic and _______ considerations, drove Europeans to colonize Africa and Asia, even as European colonies in the ______ broke free politically, if not economically (Matthew Perry).

raw materials, nationalistic, Americas

European imperialists _____ ____ ____ and rule by claiming cultural and racial superiority. What three examples?

justified overseas expansion, The White Man’s Burden, Mission civilisatrice, Social Darwinism

The development of advanced weaponry ensured the military advantage of Europeans ____ _____ areas. What three examples?

over colonized, Minie ball (bullet), Breech-loading rifle, machine gun

_______ and transportation technologies facilitated the creation and _______ of European empires. What three examples?

Communication, expansion, Steampships, telegraph, photography

Advances in medicine enabled European _____ in Africa and Asia. What four examples?

survival, Louis Pasteur’s germ theory of disease, anesthesia and antiseptics, public health projects, quinine

A variety of internal and external factors contribute to state formation, expansion, and ______. Governments maintain order through a variety Motivated by a variety of factors, Europe’s interaction with the world led to political, economic, social, and ____ _____ that influenced both European and non-European societies.

decline, cultural exchanges

_____ ______ significantly affected society, diplomacy, and culture in Europe and created _______ to foreign control abroad. Imperialism created ___ ______ among European states that strained alliance systems. What three examples?

imperial endeavors, resistance, diplomatic tensions, Berlin Conference (1884-1885), Fashoda crisis (1898), Moroccan crisis (1905, 1911)

Imperial encounters with non-European peoples influenced the styles and subject matter of artists and writers and provoked ______ over the ______ of colonies. What are three examples?

debate, acquisition, Pan-German League, J.A. Hobson’s and Vladimir Lenin’s anti-imperialism, Congo Reform Association

Especially as non-Europeans became educated in _____ ______, they challenged European imperialism through ______ movements and by modernizing local economies and societies. What are five examples?

Western values (nationalism), nationalism, Indian Congress Party, Zulu Resistance, India’s Sepoy Mutiny, China’s Boxer Rebellion, Japan’s Meiji Restoration

The development of ideas, beliefs, and ______ illustrates how groups in society view themselves, and the interactions of societies and their beliefs often have political, social, and _____ implications.

religions, cultural

_____ and ______ themes and attitudes influenced art and literature as painters and writers depicted the lives of ordinary people and drew attention to _____ _____.

Realist, materialist, social problems

Realist Artists and Authors:

Honore de Balzac, Honore Daumier, Charles Dickens, George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), Gustave Courbet, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Jean-Francois Millet, Leo Tolstoy, Emile Zola, Thomas Hardy

Tolstoy

Russian realist-combined realism in description and in the psychology of his characters (War and Peace).

Modern art, including ________, ____—______, and _____, moved beyond the representational to the subjective, abstract, and expressive and often provoked audiences that believed that art should reflect shared and idealized values, including _____ and ______. 

impressionism, post-impressionism, cubism, beauty, patriotism

Modern Artists:

 Claude Monet, Paul Cezanne, Henri Matisse, Edgar Degas, Pablo Picasso, Vincent Van Gogh

European states struggled to maintain international stability in an age of ______ and ______.

nationalism, revolution

The breakdown of the _____________________ opened the door for movements of national unification in Italy and Germany as well as liberal reforms elsewhere.

Concert of Europe

The ________________________________ transformed the balance of power in Europe and led to efforts to construct a new diplomatic order.

unification of Italy and Germany

A variety of motives and methods led to the intensification of European ____ _____ and increased _______ among the Great Powers.

global control, tensions

Industrial and technological developments (e.g., _________________________) facilitated European control of global empires.

The Second Industrial Revolution

European ideas and culture expressed a tension between _______ and scientific realism on one hand and subjectivity and _____ _____ on the other.

objectivity, individual expression

Following the _____________, Europe turned toward a realist and materialist worldview.

Revolutions of 1848