Honors Biology Unit 4 Test

Job 37:7
"He _____ up the _____ of every _____, that all men whom he _____ may _____ it."

Job 37:7
"He _____ up the _____ of every _____, that all men whom he _____ may _____ it."

seals, hand, man, made, know

Hebrews 1:3
"He is the _____ of the _____ of God and the exact _____ of his _____, and he upholds the _____ by the _____ of his _____..."

radiance, glory, imprint, nature, universe, word, power

Be able to list and explain the three stages of DNA replication, as well as the enzymes involved. (Free Response)

1. Unwind DNA: Helicase breaks apart the DNA strands
2. Add DNA: Primase adds an RNA primer to begin replication; DNA polymerase brings over and adds on new DNA nucleotides
3. Fix DNA: Ligase binds together the Okazaki fragments

Be able to list and explain the two stages of protein synthesis, as well the locations in which each occurs. (Free Response)

1. Transcription: DNA is transcribed into a single strand of mRNA (in the nucleus)
2. Translation: The mRNA strand leaves the nucleus, enters the ribosome and is translated into an amino acid sequence. Also creates a polypeptide chain (protein) and is initiated and terminated by a start codon and a stop codon

What do all living organisms have in common?

Either DNA or RNA as genetic material

Is it possible to alter an organism's DNA?

Yes, but you can only alter genes, and it has to be before development

What are the sex chromosomes associated with being male and female? List the pairs associated with each.

Male: XY
Female: XX

Biologically, is it possible to have more than two genders?

No

What is our ultimate goal as a Christian?

Love God above all else and follow His plan for the way life is best lived

What are the two components of a chromosome?

DNA + histones

What is a gene? How many genes exist in the human genome?

• A region on the DNA that will provide instructions for making various proteins
• 20,000-25,000 genes

What percentage of the DNA do genes make up?

1-2%

What does it mean to say that the DNA runs antiparallel?

Each strand will be an exact copy of the other, but in "reverse" order

What are the two components of DNA?

Sugar and phosphate

What are the four base pairs of DNA and which base pair together?

• ATGC
• A-T & G-C

How many hydrogen bonds are between each base pairing?

• A-T: 2
• G-C: 3

What are the three differences between DNA and RNA?

DNA: two strands, contains deoxyribose, ATGC
RNA: one strand, contains ribose, AUGC

DNA replication occurs in which stage of the cell cycle?

S

Re-create the tables from slide 36. Know the title of each stage and the enzymes involved.

What does it mean to say that the DNA is semiconservative?

When one strand is conserved (stays the same) while the other is synthesized (created new)

What are two real-life applications of DNA Replication technologies and what are their purposes?

1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Used to replicate mass quantities of DNA in a short time
2. Gel Electrophoresis: Utilizes an electric current to separate DNA fragments based on size and cut at specific locations by restriction enzymes

What is the building block of all proteins? What are the three components of this building block?

• Amino acids
• Amino group, R-group, Carboxyl group

What makes one amino acid unique from the other?

their R-group

How many amino acids exist in nature?

20

What are at least five roles of proteins in living systems?

1. Transport of nutrients
2. Structural support
3. Cell-cell communication
4. Growth and metabolism
5. Movement
6. Enzymatic reactions
7. Immune support

What are the three "stages" of the Central Dogma?

DNA → RNA → Protein

What are the two stages of protein synthesis?

Transcription and Translation

What occurs in transcription? Where does this occur?

• DNA is copied (transcribed) into a single strand of mRNA
• In the nucleus

What occurs in translation? Where does this occur?

• The mRNA strand translates into an amino acid sequence and creates a polypeptide chain (protein)
• In the ribosome

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

provides anticodons, reads and matches the base pairs, brings a specific amino acid, and creates a polypeptide chain (protein)

How would the DNA sequence "ATTGC" base pair with mRNA?

UAACG

How would the mRNA codon "AUG" base pair with an anticodon of tRNA?

Met