chapter 8 check your understanding

What was the core economic project that most nationalists sought to achieve?

industrializing their economies

What was the significance of the poet Nicolás Guillén’s metaphor of the “Two Grandfathers”?

The White conquistador and the Black slave had produced a unique and beautiful Cuban race.

What made Mexico particularly well-suited for a political culture based on nationalism?

Mexico had experienced military as well as economic incursions from the United States, and it had a mixed-race majority population that had previously elected an Indigenous president.

Which of the following best describes the Mexican Constitution of 1917?

Although Article 123 established far-ranging workers’ rights and social benefits, these protections were unevenly applied.

Who were the main beneficiaries of Batllismo?

the middle and working classes of Montevideo, who benefited from state protection of local businesses and minimum wage laws

Which of the following is the best illustration of indigenismo?

Ciro Alegría’s 1941 novel Wide and Alien is the World, written for a New York publishing contest

Why did the 1929 New York stock market crash put an end to the era of neocolonialism?

Economic collapse in the United States and Europe ended the export boom and gave Latin American industries the chance to develop without foreign competition

Why did countries like Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina benefit more from Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) than countries like Bolivia, Nicaragua, or the Dominican Republic?

Large, urbanized countries with working and middle classes had enough consumers to buy ISI-produced goods, while predominantly rural or very small countries did not.

Which of the following best describes Brazil’s Estado Novo?

the centralization of the state under the dictatorial powers of Getúlio Vargas

How did Lázaro Cárdenas differ from the other nationalist leaders of this period?

His reforms brought meaningful change to rural society.

Which of the following best describes Latin American populist leaders of the 1930s and 1940s?

They didn’t fit neatly into traditional left-right political categories.

How did Latin American nationalism differ from that of Europe and the United States?

 

It emphasized a type of ethnic nationalism that celebrated the racially mixed (or mestizo) roots of the population

In which Latin American country did nationalism first take hold in the twentieth century?

 

Mexico

Which figures are associated with the Revolution of the popular classes in Mexico? (Select all names that apply)

 

Pancho Villa

 

Emiliano Zapata

Which of the following was not in the Mexican Constitution of 1917?

 

Reparations toward Indigenous peasants who had not been paid what they were worth for centuries

Which of the following people was NOT closely associated with mestizo nationalism in Mexico?

 

Porfirio Díaz

Which of the following is true of the reforms brought on by José Batlle y Ordóñez (Batllismo)

 

All of these answers are correct

 

It was aggressively anticlerical

 

It produced the Western Hemisphere's first welfare state

 

It ensured a minimum wage

 

It ensured pension benefits

All of these answers are correct

Which leader is associated with the first truly mass-based political party in Latin American history?

What was the Popular American Revolutionary Alliance (APRA for its initials in Spanish)?

 

A collective agreement aimed at curtailing economic imperialism in Latin America

What was the Indigenismo?

 

All of these answers are correct

 

A movement that originated in Mexico and Perú

 

A nationalist discourse that glorified the Indigenous roots of an array of Latin American countries

 

A movement that ultimately aimed to assimilate Indigenous people to the (generally mestizo) state

All of these answers are correct

What curious effect did the Great Depression have in many parts of Latin America?

 

It sparked industrialization because countries could no longer import goods from the Global North

 

It led to an even greater destitution among Latin American countries than in the countries where the Great Depression originated

 

It led to suspicions toward government programs

 

It led to the destruction of the national film industries of Latin America

It sparked industrialization because countries could no longer import goods from the Global North

What was Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)?

 

All of these answers are correct

 

It was a strategy that aimed to move away from an export-based economy that depended on foreign demand for success

 

It was an economic strategy that focused on producing consumer goods at home rather than purchasing them from abroad

 

It was a strategy that aimed to industrialize the whole country rather than solely focus on railways to transport exports to the coasts

All of these answers are correct

What was the Good Neighbor Policy

The US swore off of military interventionism in Latin America and released both Panamá and Cuba from protectorate status

A policy where Latin American countries were told to be better neighbors to the United States if they wanted to get preferential treatment

 

A policy that came out during the Mexican Revolution to placate Villa's followers

 

A policy that Argentina put in place to have stronger relations with Bolivia

 

The US swore off of military interventionism in Latin America and released both Panamá and Cuba from protectorate status